= 203 
528 
opy 1 



Feeding 



Cattle 



A series of 

articles by 

Prof. E. S. Savage 

as published 

in the 

Holstein-Friesian 

World 



1917 



COPYRIGHT 1917 
HOI^STEIN-FRIESIAN WORLD, INC. 



In the preparation of the follow- 
ing series the writer has endeav- 
ored to give in clear, concise 
language the application of science 
to practical feeding. In many 
cases the material has been written 
hurriedly without attempt at 
finished production, because the 
whole series has been written at 
odd times, as the duties of class 
room and laboratory would allow. 
In every case it has been the inten- 
tion to state no principle or 
practice that has not a firm place 
in the operations of our best dairy feeders. 

In this time of stress the feeding of our animals is difficult. It 
is hoped that these articles may help feeders to get a firm basis on 
which to start their plans. The author hopes that after they are 
carefully read that they may be the stimulation which will cause 
the reader to study further the practice of other men and to cor- 
relate this practice with their own methods. 




Ithaca, N. Y. 
April 19, 1917. 



& -65 




FEEDING DAIRY CATTLE 



E. S. SAVAGE 

Professor of Animal Husbandry 
Cornell University 



A series of articles published 
inthe Holstein-Friesian World 



SYRACUSE, NEW YORK WATERLOO, IOWA 



S Fzo3 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Introduction - 5 

Introductory — Dairying and Permanent Agriculture - 7 

Part One — Feeding Dairy Cattle. 

I. The Composition and Selection of Concentrates ..11 

II. The Manurial Value of Feeds. 13 

III. The By-Products Used in Feeding Dairy Cows 17 

IV. The Selection and Value of Concentrates 22 

V. Forage Crops for Roughage 26 

VI. Curing Hay From the Standpoint of the Feeder 30 

VII. When to Cut Corn for Silage... 34 

VIII. An Ideal Ration for Dairy Cows 36 

Part Two — Advanced Registry Feeding. 

IX. Fitting a Cow for an Advanced Registry Test 41 

X. Feeding for Advanced Registry Records 43 

XI. Feeding Test Cows at Cornell University 48 

XII. Rations Fed to Some Famous Cows 53 

XIII. The Rations Fed Segis Fayne Johanna 5^ 

XIV. Feeding for Long Distance Records 62 

XV. Summer Rations for Semi-Official Cows 65 

XVI. Feeding Fat Into Milk 67 

Part Three — Feeding Calves. 

XVII. Raising Calves on Whole and Skimmed Milk 6& 

XVIII. Raising Calves on Substitutes for Milk ....72 

XIX. Feeding and Management of Yearlings and Two Year Olds 75 

Part Four — Miscellaneous Articles on Feeding. 

XX. Feeding Dry Stock 79 

XXI. Feeding and Care of the Dairy Bull.., 81 

XXII. Forage Crops to Supplement Pastime 83 

©C!.A4r)7169 



ma 23 1917 

Vw^ ( 



Introduction 



' I ' HERE is no subject of more vital importance to the breeder of Holsteins 
* than that of feeding dairy cattle. The breeder must look not only to his 
breeding operations for a profit, but he must learn to feed carefully and econom- 
ically in order that the dairy herd that must be carried in connection with all 
breeding operations may be profitable. His example as a successful dairyman 
calls attention to the class of his cattle and his work as a breeder and assists 
his market very materially. 

With conditions as they are to-day the demand for the latest thought and 
a thorough ground work in the most advanced methods of feeding is abso- 
lutely essential. The utmost economy must be practiced and an additional 
source of profit such as the sales that come from a herd of pure bred animals 
is necessary if the dairy farmer is to obtain the highest possible price for his 
labor. 

And yet the business is inviting to the beginner. It opens new markets 
and a new source of profit. It offers the only sound way to build up the fer- 
tility of the soil. With the economy that must be practiced it instills into the 
minds of those who embark upon the ventui'e sound business principle. Waste 
and uneconomical methods have no place in agriculture, particularly in dairy 
farming, and the dairyman who begins his work under such conditions as pre- 
vail to-day learns methods that bring him many dollars in years to come under 
more easy conditions. 

The publication of this book is undertaken by the World in response to 
a general demand that Prof. Savage's writings as they have appeared during 
the past year might be preserved in some concrete form for handy reference. 
Prof. Savage is recognized as an authority upon feeding matters. He has 
worked in connection with some of the greatest authorities in the country and 
his work has reflected credit upon himself and his associates. He is in charge 
of the foundation Animal Husbandry courses at Cornell University and has 
done considerable experimental and research work in feeding at that institu- 
tion. His work has been published in bulletin form by the University from 
time to time, although this book is the first ever written by Prof. Savage cov- 
ering the entire subject of feeding dairy cattle. 

It will be remembered that Cornell University has bred and developed 
seven pure bred Holstein cows with records from 30 to 35 lbs. of butter in 
seven days, which work forms the basis of an interesting chapter in Prof. 
Savage's book. Other chapters dealing with A. R. O. testing have been added, 
some of them covering experiences of the most noted breeders and feeders in 
the country in handling World's Champion Holsteins. 

The entire subject of feeding dairy cattle as handled by Prof. Savage is 
based upon actual methods in use by dairymen all over the country. Its chief 
recommendation is its practicability for there is no plan nor method described 
in this book that is not subject to the use of the ordinary dairyman upon the 
oi'dinary farm. It makes especial reference to the pure bred Holstein be- 
cause of the fact that it was written for a Holstein newspaper and for Hol- 
stein men to read, and because the Holstein is admittedly the dairyman's most 
economical milk machine. The principles the book contains, however, are 
applicable to every dairy proposition in all parts of the country. 

The Editors of the World acknowledge indebtedness to a number of breed- 
ers for photographs which accompany the cuts. The usual courtesy which 
pervades every Holstein community and forms an important part of the suc- 
cess of every Holstein undertaking has prevailed throughout the preparation 
of this series of articles by Prof. Savage and its publication by the World. 

We feel that we can very strongly recommend Prof. Savage's book to 
Holstein dairymen. It is a book that any member of the fraternity can per- 
use with safety and profit for it teaches sound principles in a careful, concise 
and readily understandable way. 

Syracuse, N. Y., May 1, 1917. The Editors. 



Introductory 

Dairying and Permanent Agriculture 

TO establish the basis upon which this paper is founded, we can- 
not do better than to quote from "The Holy Earth", by L. H. 
Bailey, what is said beginning the chapter, "The Farmer's 
Relation" : 

"The surface of the earth is particularly within the care of the 
farmer. He keeps it for his own sustenance and gain, but his gain 
is also the gain of all the rest of us. At the best he accumulates 
little to himself. The successful farmer is the one who produces 
more than he needs for his support ; and the over-plus he does not 
keep ; and, moreover, his own needs are easily satisfied. It is of 
the utmost consequence that the man next to the earth shall lead a 
fair and simple life, for in riotous living he might halt many 
good supplies that now go to his fellows. 

"It is a public duty so to train the farmer that he shall appreci- 
ate his guardianship. He is engaged in a quasi-public business. 
He really does not even own his land. He does not take his land 
with him, but only the personal development that he gains from it. 
He cannot annihilate his lands, as another might destroy all his 
belongings. He is the agent or the representative of society to 
guard and subdue the surface of the earth, and he is the agent 
of the divinity that made it. He must exercise his dominion with 
due regard to all these obligations. He is a trustee. The pro- 
ductiveness of the earth must increase from generation to genera- 
tion ; this also is his obligation." 

That last statement is the fundamental : "The productiveness 
of the earth must increase from generation to generation ; this also 
is his obligation." This obligation works no hardship on the dairy 
farmer ; on the contrary the more closely he carries it out, the more 
money he himself will make, and so much the better his farm will 
be when he leaves it than when he takes it in the beginning. 

All this is simply saying that every farmer must return to the 
soil each year, a little more fertility than he takes from it. In no 
other way is he truly farming; he is simply mining and on most of 
our farms too much mining has already been done. We must now 
begin to farm. 

The dairy farmer with pure-bred Holstein-Friesian cattle, who 
is aiming at a high production with that herd, will, without any 
doubt, keep up the fertility of his farm ; and, for that matter, add 
to its fertility. Let us take the case of a farmer who has 20 cows. 

Page Seven 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

the average production of which he aims to make 10,000 pounds 
per year. This is a good high aim, but not impossible of achieve- 
ment, and no one should be satisfied with less. What must this 
farmer do to make money for himself and at the same time turn 
over his land to posterity better than he found it? He must do 
three things. (1) He must grow legumes for roughage and corn 
silage; (2) he must be careful in the purchase of concentrates; 
(3) if he sells money crops, he must aim to purchase enough com- 
mercial fertilizer to replace the material sold in the money crops. 
We will suppose that this farmer sells from his farm each year the 
following: Five cows, weighing 1,000 pounds each; 15 tons of 
timothy hay, 1,000 bushels of potatoes, and 200,000 pounds of milk. 
The fertility sold from the farm would be : 

Nitrogen Phosphoric acid Potash 

pounds pounds pounds 

Five 1,000-pound cows 116.5 77.5 9.0 

15 tons timothy hay 297.0 93.0 408.0 

1,000 bushels potatoes 210.0 72.0 318.0 

200,000 pounds milk 1120.0 380.0 340.0 

Therefore this farmer must balance these amounts with the 
same amount of fertilizing constituents brought onto the farm in 
one form or another. He can do it by the purchase direct of com- 
mercial fertilizers, but is it necessary for him to do this? No, only 
in part. If he is judicious in the selection of feeds, he can make 
up a large part of this loss through those that he purchases. 

To produce 10,000 pounds of milk in one year, it will be neces- 
sary for him to feed each cow at least 12 pounds of a good mixture 
of grains 250 days in the year. At this rate for the 20 cows, 32 
tons at least will be necessary. A good mixture at present prices 
is 500 pounds distillers' dried grains, 500 pounds hominy feed, 500 
pounds wheat bran, 300 pounds gluten feed, 200 pounds linseed 
oil meal. 

This is an example of the kind of mixture that should be fed 
to bring the most fertility to the farm and a high feeding value 
also. How much fertility will 60,000 pounds of this mixture add 
to the soil after it has passed through the dairy cow? 

First, we must see what becomes of the nitrogen, phosphoric 
acid and potash in the feed when it is fed to a dairy cow. She is 
normally neither gaining or losing live weight, therefore, she is not 
storing anything in her body except what may go to the foetus, and 
that is a comparatively small amount during more than one-half 
the year. There are only three channels through which the fer- 
tilizing elements in the feed may disappear, the milk, the manure, 
and the urine. Seventy-five and five-tenths per cent, of the nitrogen 
appears in the manure and urine and the balance, 24.5 per cent., 
appears in the milk. Eighty-nine and seven-tenths per cent, of the 
phosphoric acid and potash appears in the manure and urine, and 
the balance, 10.3 per cent., appears in the milk. Therefore, we see 
that a large part of the fertility purchased in feeds is available to 
the land. This has never been studied as carefully as it should be 
in this country, because up to the present, little thought has been 

Page Eight 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

needed to be given on account of the virgin condition of our soils 
and the immense stores of fertility in them. Of course, these stores 
are in no way exhausted, but must be conserved. In older countries 
like England, farmers have had to be careful of the fertility in 
their soils, and we will turn for a moment to the English law re- 
garding this point. 

This law is quoted from "Feeds and Feeding", by Henry & 
Morrison : 

"British practice — in Great Britian, where many of the farmers 
are long period tenants, the manurial value of feeding stuffs is 
recognized by law in a manner that tends greatly to the 
betterment and permanence of her agriculture. The Agricultural 
Holdings Act, which is the law governing the relations between 
landlord and tenant, direct that when a tenant is vacating his lease- 
hold he shall be reasonably compensated for the improvements he 
has made. Among these, credit must be given for the fertilizing 
value of feeding stuffs which the tenant may have purchased and 
fed out, and also, under certain conditions for the fertilizing value 
of grains produced on the farm and fed to stock. In order to 
furnish data to guide the valuers who serve in settlement between 
landlord and tenant, after full and extended study, Lawes & Gil- 
bert and later Voelker & Hall, of the Rothamstead Experiment 
Station, drew up tables showing the compensation to be allowed 
for the fertilizing value of various feeds. The recommendations^ 
as revised in 1913 and adopted by the Central Association of Agri- 
culture and Tenant Right Valuers, are that the tenant shall be 
credited as follows for all manure resulting from feeding pur- 
chased feeds to stock on the leasehold. 

"For all unused manure, or that which has been recently ap- 
plied to the land, without a crop being grown thereafter, a credit of 
three-fourths of the total value of the phosphoric acid and potash 
in the feed is allowed. Because a greater loss of nitrogen com- 
monly occurs in stored manure than in manure dropped in the field 
by animals at pasture, a credit of 70 per cent, of the total value 
of the nitrogen is allowed when the stock have been fed at pasture 
and of only 50 per cent, when they have been fed in the barn or 
yard." 

We all know that in all countries the material written into the 
law is conservative. Therefore, the following amounts of fertiliz- 
ing materials estimated from the materials in the feeds in the 
60,000 pounds of the mixture above suggested, are conservative 
estimates. The total available nitrogen, if the feed had been spread 
on the ground, has been multiplied by one-half, as allowed in the 
above extract from English law, and the available phosphoric acid 
and potash by three-fourths. The 60,000 pounds of the mixture 
has been separated into its different constituents in order that the 
difference in feeds might be seen. 

Page Nine 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

Available in manure 

Nitrogen Phosplioric acid Potash 

pounds pounds pounds 

15,000 lbs. Distillers' dried grains 368.2 76.5 19.2 

15,000 lbs. Hominy feed 127.5 139.5 106.8 

15,000 lbs. Wheat bran 192.0 331.8 182.4 

9,000 lbs. Gluten feed..... 182.7 41.7 15.6 

6,000 lbs. Oil meal 162.6 76.5 57.3 

Totals 1033.0 666.0 381.3 

It will be seen that the above goes a long way towards offsetting 
the fertility that has been sold off the farm. It almost completely 
offsets the fertility that is sold in the milk, leaving only that sold in 
the money crops to be replaced by the farmer. 

This brings sharply to light the first fact that we wish to es- 
tablish, that by the judicious selection of feeds, all the fertility that 
is sold as market milk may be fully replaced by the fertility in the 
feeds, even when the fertility in the feeds is conservatively esti- 
mated. 

In the above tables, comparing milk with the feeds, there is a 
slight shortage in the nitrogen. We must remember, however, that 
only 50 per cent, of the available nitrogen in the feed has been 
computed. Then, if legume crops are grown, whatever of nitrogen 
is taken from the air is clear gain. This emphasizes the impor- 
tance of the growing of legumes. 

Nothing has been said about the money value of these fertilizing 
constituents. The writer leaves that for the interpretation of the 
reader. Nitrogen on the average for the past 10 years has been 
worth 18 cents per pound, phosphoric acid 4.5 cents, and potash 
5 cents. Nitrogen and potash are much more expensive at present. 
Potash is nearly unavailable, therefore, we see again the importance 
of getting what we can in feeds. As to choice of feed, without 
going into detail, the high protein feeds — cottonseed meal, gluten 
feed, etc. — yield the nitrogen, and the feeds like wheat bran made 
up of the outer coatings of the kernel, carry the most potash and 
phosphoric acid. 

Upon looking at this first table, we can see that mature animals 
carry away relatively the least fertilizing elements, therefore, the 
Holstein breeder, who is feeding his milk and selling mature 
animals at high prices, is conserving the fertility of his farm. 
Therefore, the greatest gain to be made in dairy farming, from the 
standpoint of a permanent agriculturist, is to aim for the best blood 
there is and to make the surplus stock the main cash crop of the 
farm. 

Then again, if milk must be sold, a glance at the first table will 
show that if the milk can be sold to a factory, so the skim milk 
can come back to the farm, or if butter can be made on the farm, 
a great saving of fertility is made. 

Therefore, as far as possible, from the standpoint of a per- 
manent agriculture, the dairy farmers must learn to grow legumes 
and to market their crops in cream and butter and mature animals 
at high prices. 

Page Ten 



Part One Feeding Dairy Cattle 

I. The Composition and Selection of Concentrates 

THE question of feeding dairy cattle is largely a question of 
growing roughage suitable for the cows on the farm ; in some 
cases the growing of a little grain, and lastly and most important 
of all, the selection of the proper purchased feeds to supplement 
the ones grown at home. 

A feed is grown or purchased for the total digestible material 
in it. The water and the indigestible matter are of no particular 
use to the animal and are like the "filler" in a fertilizer. There- 
fore the study of the selection of feeds either to be grown or to be 
purchased must be based on the cost of the digestible material and 
the needs of the cow for certain particular things in her ration. 
The things needed in a ration are digestible protein, digestible 
carbohydrates and digestible fat. These are familiar terms to all 
readers and need no particular discussion here. When a feed is 
purchased or grown it is for the digestible protein, the digestible 
carbohydrates and the digestible fat in it. The feeds to be chosen 
are those in which we can get the most of these things for one dollar. 

The ordinary coarse feeds grown on farms are mixed hay, corn 
silage and cornstalks or fodder. The grains ordinarily grown are 
com, oats, barley and buckwheat. We must purchase feeds to 
properly supplement these feeds we grow at home and study the 
growing of those that will give us the most at the least cost. For 
purposes of convenience it is customary to add together the diges- 
tible protein, digestible carbohydrates and digestible fat multiplied 
by 21/4 and call the result the total digestible nutrients. This is 
usually computed on the ton basis. For example : there are in 100 
pounds of gluten feed, 21.6 pounds of digestible protein, 51.9 pounds 
digestible carbohydrates and 3.2 pounds of digestible fat 3.2 X 
21/4 = 7.2 plus 51.9 plus 21.6 equal 80.7 pounds of total digestible 
nutrients in 100 pounds of gluten feed. The fat in any feed is 
worth 214 times as much as the carbohydrates and protein, there- 
fore the fat is multiplied by 214 before adding. 80,7 X 20 equal 
1614 pounds of total digestible nutrients in one ton (2000 pounds) 
of gluten feed. Therefore when we buy a ton of gluten feed for 
$33.50 as quoted below, we pay the $33.50 for the 1614 pounds of 
digestible material in the ton. One hundred pounds of total diges- 
tible material in gluten feed would cost $2.08. In this way the cost 
of digestible material in all feeds may be calculated and the results 
used as a basis in the selection of the crops that shall be grown for 

J*age Eleven 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

roughage and in the selection of the supplements that must be 
purchased. Such a table is worked out below as the basis for the 
selection of the proper feeds to purchase at the present time to go 

into a ration. , .v- . - ±. -^ 

In all rations for dairy cattle there must be sufficient protein. 
In the ordinary roughages grown on the farm and m the grains 
grown on the farm there has been a lack of protein so the second 
thing to be considered in the purchase of feeds is the amount ot 
protein in each. To make this a matter of easy consideration the 
feeds listed below are divided into high protein, medium protein 
and low protein groups. How to make use of this grouping will be 

explained later. . , . ^, ^ ^-u u ^;^ «-p 

As for roughages all that need to be said is that on the basis ot 
the cost of digestible nutrients alone the roughage that all dairymen 
must grow is corn silage. In no other crop can so much be obtained 
for one dollar as in corn silage. Next in importance is the growing 
of legume hays. The possession of a sufficient quantity ot good 
corn silage and of good clover or alfalfa hay gives us the finest 
kind of a start in the selection of the feeds that shall make up the 
ration No farmer can afford to be without these roughages. 

Now to make this lesson definite we will proceed to the selection 
of the concentrates which we would choose to make a mixture to 
supplement good clover hay and corn silage in a ration Below as 
a starting point is given a table of the feeds common y hsted by 
feed dealers, arranged according to high, medium and low protein 
content. 

COMPOSITION OF CONCENTRATES. 

Per cent Total digestible Cost Cost of 

(High Protein) digestible nutrlent^s^in per lOO^ms^total 

1. Cottonseed meal '. 37.0 1564 $37.50 $2.40 

Linseed oil meal 30.2 1558 3..00 2.37 

Distillers' dried grams 22.4 1778 32.75 l.«4 



2. i:;^::eroll mS^::::::- :::::::::::::::::: io:i 1558 37.00 2.37 

Distillers' 

5. Brewer^"dried grains:::::::::::::::::: 21:5 1314 28.50 2.17 



3 



4 GSSnV;ed ":::::::::::::: 2i:6 i6i4 33.50 2.08 

'• Brewers'^dried grains 21.5 1314 28.50 2.17 

6. Malt sprouts 20.3 1412 28.50 ^.U^ 



(Medium Protein) „ 

7. Flour middlings 15.7 1564 30.00 1.92 

8. Wheat mixed feed 12.9 1340 26.^5 2.00 

9. Wheat bran 12.5 1218 24.50 ^.Ui 

(Low Protein) _^^ ^_ .^ _ _. 

10. Ground oats 9.4 1400 35 10 2.51 

11 Ground barlev 9-0 1-588 35.00 A^O 

12 Hominv 7.0 1692 30.00 1.77 

13 Com meal -- 6.9 1676 30.90 1.84 

It M^"::l"p^p:::::::::::::::::::: 4.6 14^2 26.50 1.85 

The figures in the last column are obtained by dividing the cost 
per ton by the total digestible nutrients in one ton of each feed and 
multiplying the result by 100. It is this column and the amount 
of protein in each feed which guide us in the proper selection ot 
the feeds This is the proper starting place. This knowledge must 
be supplemented by a thorough knowledge of the peculiar usefulness 
of each feed in milk production. 

Page Twelve 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

To insure the proper amount of protein in the ration, about one- 
half of the feed should be chosen from among those containing a 
high amount of protein. The following mixture is suggested, 
taking all of these things into account : 

500 lbs. hominy $ 7.50 

500 lbs. distillers' dried grains 8.19 

500 lbs. mixed feed 6.69 

300 lbs. gluten feed 5.03 

200 lbs. oil meal 3.70 

2000 lbs. (one ton) $31.11 

It is seen that 1000 pounds of this mixture is made up of 
distillers' grains, gluten feed and oil meal. The oil meal was not 
chosen as yielding total nutrients very cheap, but because the writer 
wishes particularly to have a little oil meal in his ration. All the 
others in the suggested mixtures will be found to yield total diges- 
tible nutrients the cheapest. 

The author has found this method of great assistance in studying 
the relative values of feeds and in forming a basis for the choice 
of feeds. The prices quoted are those of a wholesale dealer on the 
basis of a Rochester freight rate at the time this article was written 
(1916). 

The above mixture is advised with practically any roughage. 
It would go particularly well with clover hay and corn silage. If 
no silage is available it will be noticed in the table that dried beet 
pulp and malt sprouts are relatively cheap feeds. They make 
excellent succulent feeds if soaked eight or ten hours before feeding. 
Not as much other grain would be needed with these soaked grains. 



II. The Manurial Value of Feeds 

yV LL true farmers believe in a system of farming which is a little 
•* •• better than permanent agriculture, A system of permanent 
agriculture means one in which as much fertility is added to the soil 
each year as is taken off the farm crops, thus the farm is per- 
manent. Every good farmer believes in having his fields a little 
richer and better each year than they were the year before, and 
that means that he must have added a little more fertility than he 
has taken away. If he does this he is carrying on a system which 
is more than permanent. Consequently, one of the big questions 
is how to maintain fertility at the least expense. Some help on this 
question is the aim of this paper. 

Nowhere has the Great War hit the farmer much harder than it 
has in the cost of fertilizers. The cost of nitrogen per pound the 
last ten years has averaged about 18 cents, of phosphoric acid 4.5 
cents and of potash 5 cents. Due to the war, nitrogen now costs in 
an available form 20 to 25 cents per pound ; phosphoric acid about 
6 cents, and potash is scarcely available at all. When quoted the 
price is given varyingly from 30 cents to 50 cents per pound, but it 
can scarcely be purchased at any price. Therefore anything at 

Page Thirteen 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

this time that will help keep up the fertility of the farm will be of 
great service. One source that must not be overlooked is the fer- 
tilizing constituents in feeds. Here is where the dairy farmer has 
an advantage over his neighbors, hay and grain farmers, because 
he has a lot of manure to use, and is a big purchaser of feeds. From 
a manurial standpoint how can he get the most for his dollar in 
maintaining and building up the fertility of his farm? There are 
two main things that he must know, and concerning them he must 
put his knowledge into practice. First, he must know in which 
feeds he will get the most fertility. Secondly, he must so care for 
the manure and urine that none of the fertility will be lost. We 
will endeavor to show first how much fertility there is in the 
common feeding stuffs and show hov/ he may quickly compare feeds 
on this basis. 

No one questions the importance of growing all the legume 
roughage that it is possible to grow. In this we have a happy 
combination of circumstances. On practically every dairy farm in 
the whole country it is possible to grow either clover or alfalfa. 
These hays make the foundation of the ration and are ideal rough- 
ages. In growing them the farmer gets one fertilizing constituent, 
nitrogen, to some extent free from an inexhaustible source, the air. 
The amount of nitrogen gathered in this way by large crops of 
legumes amounts to a great deal, and adds directly to the permanent 
value of the land at practically no cost to the farmer. In addition 
to roughage he may grow some grain, but rarely does a farmer 
grow enough to feed his own cows. Therefore he must be familiar 
with the fertilizing constituents of the feeds that he must purchase 
to supplement those that he raises. 

When feed is first fed to an animal only that portion is available 
as a fertilizer which passes out from the animal in the manure and 
urine. The percentage of each fertilizing constituent which will 
appear in the manure varies with the animal. With a mature 
horse, neither gaining nor losing live weight, all the nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid and potash in the feed must appear in the manure 
and urine, otherwise the horse would of necessity gain in weight. 

The percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash 
recovered in the manure and urine from different animals as given 
by Henry and Morrison are as follows : 

PROPORTION OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORIC ACID AND POTASH 
OF FEED WHICH IS VOIDED BY ANIMAL 

Phosphoric acid 
Nitrogen and potash 

per cent per cent 

Horse at work 100.0 100.0 

Fattening- ox... 96.1 97.7 

Fattening sheep 95.7 96.2 

Fattening- pig.. 85.3 96.0 

Milch cow 75.5 89.7 

Calf, fed milk 30.7 45.7 

These percentages are higher than the amounts recovered in 
common practice. For calculation in the choice of feeds for a 

Page Fifteen 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

ration it has been deemed best to adopt the plan given in English 
law which governs the relations between landlord and tenant. The 
following principles of English law as recommended and adopted 
by the Central Association of Agriculture and Tenant Right Valuers 
are quoted from Henry and Morrison : 

"For all unused manure or that which has been recently applied 
to the land without a crop being grown thereafter, a credit of three- 
fourths of the total value of the phosphoric acid and potash in the 
feed is allowed. Because a greater loss of nitrogen commonly 
occurs in stored manure than in manure dropped in the fields by 
animals at pasture, a credit of 70 per cent of the total value of the 
nitrogen is allowed when the stock have been fed at pasture and 
only 50 per cent when they have been fed in barn or yard. 

"When one crop has been grown since the application of the 
manure, a part of the fertility thereby being used up, the credit 
allowed is only half that stated above. It is realized that the 
beneficial effects of farm manure persist much longer than two 
years, but owing to the difficulties of checking records for a longer 
period, the compensation is not extended over a greater time. The 
principle of the English law, as set forth, should be drafted into 
every lease drawn between landlord and tenant in this country." 

In accordance with these principles the following table has been 
computed : 

MANURIAL VALUES PER TON. 

Manurial 

Feed Cost value Net cost 

per ton per ton per ton 

Corn meal $31.00 $ 3.37 $27.63 

Hominy feed 30.00 4.62 25.38 

Gluten feed. 31.00 7.91 23.09 

Flour wheat middlings 30.00 5.13 24.87 

Wheat bran 24.00 7.81 16.19 

Wheat mixed feed 25.00 6.08 18.92 

Ground oats 33.00 4.53 28.47 

Ground barley 35.00 4.42 30.58 

Malt sprouts 28.00 10.10 17.90 

Brewers' grains, dried 29.00 8.37 20.63 

Cottonseed meal, choice 38.00 15.87 22.13 

Linseed oil meal, old process.... 35.00 11.87 23.13 

Beet pulp, dried 28.00 3.01 24.99 

Distillers' grains, dried 31.00 9.43 21.57 

The manurial values here given are those computed on the basis 
that a dairy cow returns in the urine and manure 50 per cent of 
the nitrogen and 75 per cent of the phosphoric acid and potash in 
the feed as fed. The value has been circulated by multiplying the 
pounds of nitrogen by 18 cents, the phosphoric acid by 4.5 cents 
and the potash by 5 cents. 

Objection may be made that no such values are ever recovered 
in ordinary practice. Attention is therefore called again to the 
first table, which says on good authority that 75.5 per cent of the 
nitrogen and 89.7 per cent of the phosphoric acid and potash are 
returned by a dairy cow, and then consider that the percentages, 

Paqe Sixteen 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

50 for nitrogen and 75 for phosphoric acid and potash, are used 
from the law. All men know how conservative are the figures 
written into law. Again, we have used low prices as compared 
with the present prices for nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. 

Concerning the care of the manure and urine, again it must be 
emphasized that more than half of the manurJal value of each feed 
is in the nitrogen. Practically all of the nitrogen of the feed is 
returned in the urine. Therefore all the urine must be absorbed 
and the manure so kept that no fermentation or heating can take 
place. The best method is to spread it over the fields every day. 
In case this is not possible it is at least possible to prevent leaching 
of the pile. Heating is hard to control, but tramping it down hard 
will help. If the manure can be stored in a place where it can be 
tramped hard by animals very little heating will take place. This 
might be accomplished with young stock. 



III. By-Products Used in Feeding Dairy Cows 

DAIRY farmers will be troubled to procure feed for their cows 
during the next six months if the indications at present are 
of any value. On account of the war and the great demand for 
cereals for human food, good prices are bound to be high even with 
a great crop this year. Therefore this article has been planned to 
give some additional information concerning the by-products that 
may be used in feeding dairy cows. This article may be dry read- 
ing but it is hoped that there is valuable information in it for the 
dairyman who will take the time to read it through. 

All the concentrates that may be used for dairy cattle may be 
put into three groups for convenience in arranging proper mix- 
tures. These groups are a high protein group, medium protein 
group and a low protein group. The high protein group contains 
those feeds with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 3 or narrower, the medium 
protein group those feeds between 1 : 3 and 1 : 6, and the low pro- 
tein group those feeds with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 6 or wider. 

In general it may be said that a mixture of feeds in which at 
least one-half by weight are high protein feeds will be a good 
mixture to feed. One-third of the mixture by weight should be 
made up of bulky feeds. The high protein feeds have in general 
the highest manurial value and so on down to the low protein feeds 
which have the lowest manurial value. 

Many, many farmers choose feeds according to the protein con- 
tent of the feed almost entirely. This is a very important thing 
to consider but is incorrect if it is the sole factor considered. Feeds 
have a value in direct proportion to the total digestible matter in 
them in all rations with sufficient digestible protein. Only when 
the ration as a whole, considering both roughage and concentrates, 
is lacking in protein does a high protein feed have a value above the 
value of a low protein feed, having the same that digestible nutri- 

Page Seventeen 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

ents per ton, except that the high protein feed always has the 
greatest manurial value. 

Corn and its By-Products : With the above introduction we 
may now consider somewhat in detail the by-products that may be 
used. The manufacturing process using corn as raw material give 
us as foods for dairy cows, distillers' dried grains, gluten meal and 
gluten feed in the high protein class ; germ oil meal in the medium 
class ; corn bran and hominy feed in the low protein class. Corn 
meal and corn and cob meal come in this latter class although not 
by-products. 

Distillers' grains, from the manufacture of alcohol and whiskey, 
are one of the finest feeds for their high protein content and the 
large amount of total digestible material. They are also bulky. 
They may well form the foundation of a ration. 

Gluten meal differs from gluten feed in that the corn bran is 
not added in the case of the meal. This makes the meal less bulky 
and with a high protein content. Gluten feed has the corn bran 
in it. Corn bran is like wheat bran and is somewhat more valuable. 
Corn bran, gluten meal and gluten feed all arise in the manufacture 
of starch and glucose from corn. There is not much gluten meal 
on the market. Gluten feed may be used as a high protein feed 
and naturally is classed with cottonseed meal where bulk is not 
needed. Distillers' grains would be chosen if bulk is needed in the 
mixture. 

Hominy comes from the manufacture of hominy grit for human 
consumption. It is somewhat more valuable than corn meal for 
dairy cows and will keep better in bulk. These corn by-products 
are all very useful in feeding. Germ oil meal also arises in the 
process of starch and glucose manufacture. It is the cake remain- 
nig after oil is expressed from the germs or pits of the corn kernel. 

Wheat and its By-products : Wheat gives us several medium 
protein by-products. Ground wheat itself falls into the low pro- 
tein class. Wheat bran, standard wheat middlings, flour wheat 
middlings, and red dog flour are all separated mechanically in the 
process of flour making from wheat. They increase in total di- 
gestible matter and decrease in bulkiness in the order named. The 
finer products are not so good in dairy rations as wheat bran. How- 
ever, all may be used if the total bulk of the mixture is properly 
acquired through the use of other feeds. The relative value may 
be computed by means of the amount of total digestible nutrients. 
Reference to the table in this article will show this. Wheat mixed 
feed is the mixture of the mill run of all these separated wheat 
by-products. That is, if the wheat bran, standard wheat middlings, 
flour wheat middlings and red dog flour from one hundred bushels 
of wheat milled into flour were all mixed together, the results would 
be the mixed feed from such milling. Good mixed feed is more 
valuable than wheat bran. 

Rye By-products: Rye mixed feed is practically the only by- 

Page Eighteen 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

product from rye. It is a medium protein feed of practically the 
same value as wheat mixed feed but is not so palatable. 

Barley By-products: Ground barley is in the low protein 
class and is as valuable as corn or hominy feed. When manu- 
factured into beer we get two by-products, malt sprouts and brew- 
ers' dried grains. Both these feeds are bulky and high in protein. 
They are both more valuable than wheat bran but are not so valua- 
ble as the high protein grains such as distillers' dried grains and 
gluten feed. There seems to be a prejudice against these feeds 
and if fed by weight it will be found that they are valuable. They 
are so bulky that one is deceived and apt to underestimate their 
value when fed by measure. Malt sprouts are valuable as a source 
of succulence if wet up when one has no silage. In the opinion 
of the writer these feeds when properly mixed with others, have a 
valuable commensurate with their content of total digestible nu- 
trients. 

Oat By-products : In the milling of oats the same by-products 
analogous to those from the milling of wheat arise. They are not 
generally marketed as such, but for the most part find their way 
into ready mixed feeds. Care should be taken in the purchase of 
ground oats to see that too many hulls are not present. Ground 
oats are often made from light oats. The writer has seen a dif- 
ference of four per cent, in the crude fiber content of two cars of 
ground oats bought at the same price at the same time from two 
well rated companies. 

Cottonseed Meal, Linseed Oil Meal and Miscellaneos By- 
products: Cottonseed meal arises in the production of cotton- 
seed oil from cottonseed. It is a very valuable by-product in the 
high protein group. It is much like gluten feed. Either of these 
may be safely fed to the extent of four pounds per day per cow. 
In a ration in which both cottonseed meal and gluten feed are found, 
not more than four pounds of both should be fed. Much has been 
said about the trouble that these two feeds cause, but from the fact 
that so much of both are fed in the best dairies, it seems to the 
writer that fears are groundless in feeding them in moderation. 

Linseed oil meal is a by-product from flax in the manufacture 
of linseed oil. This feed has a great value because of its laxative 
effect as well as its value as a feed in itself. 

Cocoanut oil meal and peanut oil meal sometimes are on the 
market. They are much the same in effect as the other oil meals 
and are valuable in proportion to their digestible nutrients. 

Dried beet pulp is very valuable, particularly when succulent 
feed is needed. It wets up readily and is very palatable. 

Many other feeds might be mentioned. A farmer might well 
study the possibility of buying a car of grain screenings or of sal- 
vage grain and make that the basis of his feeding operations. 
Screenings are as valuable as wheat bran when of good quality and 
the value of salvage grain would depend on the kind and the amount 
of damage. Screenings from wheat are separated from the wheat 

Page Nineteen 




FAIRVIEW KORNDYKE PIETERTJE 
World's Champion junior two-year-old 




LADY PONTIAC JOHANNA 
World's Champion senior three-year-old 



Feedinq Dairy Cattle 

before it is milled and when of good quality consist mainly of weed 
seeds and broken grains of wheat. Screenings should always be 
ground. The ground screenings are now run into wheat bran and 
wheat middlings in many mills. Salvage grain is grain damaged 
by fire or water and afterwards kiln dried. As a rule it is well 
liked by animals. 

Precautions : In the purchase of concentrates of all kinds the 
tag should always be examined to know whether the analysis is up 
to the standard or average of that particular feed or not. The 
experiment station of nearly every state publishes a bulletin on the 
analysis of the feeds used in that state. Every reader of "The 
World" should provide himself with these tables of analysis and buy 
on analysis and on the content of total digestible nutrients. Agri- 
cultural newspapers, experiment stations, farm bureaus are all 
ready and willing to give information along these lines. Much 
money can be saved and made by the intelligent buying of feeds. 

A brief table is appended showing the grouping of feeds and 
their relative values on the basis of total digestible nutrients in one 
ton of each: 

GROUPS OF FEEDS 

HIGH PROTEIN 

Total dig-estible 

nutrients in 

one ton 

Distillers' dried grains 1778 

Gluten meal ..1680 

Gluten feed ...1614 

Brewers' dried grains 1314 

Malt sprouts 1412 

Buckwheat middlings 1532 

Prime cottonseed meal 1510 

Linseed oil meal 1558 

MEDIUM PROTEIN 

Germ oil meal 1650 

Wheat bran 1218 

Standard wheat middlings 1386 

Flour wheat middlings 1564 

Red dog flour 1584 

Wheat mixed feed 1340 

Rye mixed feed 1490 

LOW PROTEIN 

Corn and cob meal 1562 

Corn meal 1676 

Hominy feed 1692 

Corn bran 1462 

Ground wheat 1602 

Ground rye 1620 

Ground barley 1588 

Ground oats 1408 

Ground buckwheat 1268 

Dried beet pulp 1432 

Molasses 1184 

Wheat screenings 1340 

Page Twenty-one 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

IV. The Selection and Value of Concentrates 

I^Y way of introduction to this paper a few of the requirements in 
'^ a ration for dairy cows may be stated with benefit because 
these factors must be uppermost in one's mind when he is selecting^ 
and buying the concentrates for his ration. Seven factors must be 
considered : bulk, digestibility, the "balance" of the ration, variety, 
suitability of the feeds, palatability and, finally, the cost of the 
ration. These factors should be thought of carefully in stjecting 
concentrates. The "balance" of the ration and the cost are the 
two factors which will be explained a little further before making 
the selection according to present prices. The other factors explain 
themselves in their names. 

BALANCED RATION. 

To-day we have a somewhat different conception of the term 
"balanced ration" than was formerly held. In the past the term 
balanced meant practically the nutritive ratio of the ration and 
nothing else. That is, a ration was said to be balanced if there 
was one pound of digestible protein to five and four-tenths pounds 
of carbohydrates and fat, 1 :5.4. It was considered necessary to 
balance the ration quite closely. To-day the best feeders agree 
that plenty of protein in a ration is fundamentally essential, but 
the range of the nutritive ratio has been set at wider limits. We 
now set the limits at 1 :4.5 and 1 :6.0. It is even thought that in 
sections where carbohydrates in feeds are the cheap nutrient that 
the wider limit may be wider than 1:6.0, although to the writer it 
would seem that a careful study of the paper on Manurial Values 
would show that wide rations for dairy cows would be advisable 
only under very exceptional conditions. The narrow limit 1 :4.5 
is set at that point purely because more protein than this may 
injure the health of cows. Many rations as narrow as 1 :3.0 are 
fed. We have no adverse criticism of this practice. It is sug- 
gested, however, that cows on such narrow rations should be 
carefully watched. 

The new thoughts of scientists, borne out by practical feeding 
trials, tell us that while the nutritive ratio and plenty of protein 
are important, some other things are also very important in a 
properly balanced ration. Much evidence is being brought out, 
particularly with growing animals, that not only is it necessary 
that there be sufficient protein present, but that the kind of protein 
is important. The importance of this in feeding dairy cows is 
apparent when we think that for nine months out of every twelve 
the cow is growing a young calf as well as caring for herself and 
manufacturing milk. The best way in practice to be sure of this 
point is to have a good variety in the ration with several plants 
represented. Later on we are going to know more definitely about 
the individual feeds and recommend specifically on this point, but 
at present we can only advise a variety of proteins. 

Again the mineral matter in rations is receiving considerable 

Page Ttventy-tivo 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

attention and study. To insure a sufRcient and suitable supply of 
mineral matter in the feed it seems absolutely necessary to feed 
legumes, and the most satisfactory legume from this standpoint is 
alfalfa. Therefore in our present idea of a balanced ration we 
must consider the individual feeds, the specific proteins that they 
supply and the mineral matter that they contain as well as the mere 
balance of the nutrients. I wish we might say specifically at the 
present time just what all these necessary things are and definitely 
that this feed supplies this and that feed supplies some other 
necessary thing, but in the present state of our knowledge we can 
only urge variety and legume hays. 

THE COST OF THE RATION. 

The other important factor on which the selection of feeds is 
based is cost. The proper way to select concentrates to supplement 
roughage is to start with the selection of the five or six feeds that 
are truly the cheapest on the market and then make up a proper 
mixture taking into consideration all the other factors. 

To make this lesson clear and concrete we will take present 
quotations (1916) and select the six feeds that are truly the cheap- 
est. Those feeds are truly the cheapest which give us the most 
digestible material for one dollar. 

The following table has been prepared to show which feeds at 
recent quotations give us the most digestible material for one dollar. 
This table has been computed both before the manurial value has 
been taken out and after on a net basis : 

Price per Pounds Cost of 100 Net cost of 

ton whole- total digest- fts. tot. Manurial Net cost 100 lbs. total 

Feed sale Roch- ible nutri- digestible value of per ton dig'estible 

ester rate ents in 1 ton nutrients 1 ton nutrients 

Corn meal $35.30 1676 $2.09 $3.37 $31.93 $1.91 

Hominy 33.00 1692 1.95 4.62 28.38 1.68 

Gluten feed 28.75 1614 1.78 7.91 20.84 1.28 

Malt sprouts 25.25 1412 1.79 10.10 15.15 1.07 

Wheat mixed feed 28.00 1340 2.09 6.08 21.92 1.64 

Flour middlings 30.25 1564 1.94 5.13 25.12 1.60 

Distillers' dried grains 30.50 1778 1.72 9.43 21.07 1.18 

Wheat bran 25.50 1218 2.09 7.81 17.69 1.45 

Ground barley 35.00 1588 2.20 4.42 30.58 1.93 

Ground oats 32.80 1408 2.30 4.53 28.27 2.00 

Brewers' dried grains.. 27.50 1314 2.09 8.37 19.13 1.49 

Cottonseed meal. 37.00 1564 2.37 15.87 21.13 1.36 

Oil meal 37.00 1558 2.37 11.87 25.13 1.62 

Dried beet pulp 27.00 1432 1.89 3.01 23.99 1.67 

The pounds of total digestible nutrients in one ton in the third 
column of this table are found by adding the pounds of digestible 
protein, the pounds of digestible fat after the fat has been multiplied 
by 2.25. This is the digestible material which we pay for. The 
rest, from the standpoint of the feeder, is waste. Then it is 
reasonable to select those feeds for the mixture of concentrates 
which will give the most digestible material for one dollar. To 
make this selection easy the fourth column is given. This column 
gives us the cost of 100 pounds of total digestible nutrients in each 

Page Tiventy-three 



Feeding Dairii Cattle 

of these feeds. For example, $2,09 is the cost of 100 pounds of 
digestible material in corn meal at the price given. 

The second part of the table is computed to take into account 
the manurial value of the feeds. The manurial value has been 
computed with nitrogen at 18 cents per pound, phosphoric acid at 
4.5 cents and potash at 5 cents, most conservative prices at present, 
and on the same basis as given in the article on Manurial Values in a 
preceding article. 

Every farmer when he is thinking of buying feeds should pre- 
pare such a table with the prices submitted by the person from 
whom he expects to purchase. If one does not wish to do this for 
himself he should have his Farm Bureau Manager in his county 
do it for him or even request that his feed dealer do it for him to 
show him the feeds which are truly the cheapest. (Cornell Read- 
ing Course bulletin 117 gives all the necessary data for this.) The 
pounds of total digestible nutrients in one ton do not change, so 
may be used over and over again. This figure for any feed not in 
this list may be computed easily from any book or bulletin on 
computing rations. The column giving the manurial value per 
ton may be considered fixed, although these prices would of course 
vary with the price of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. They 
are probably accurate enough for comparing the relative value of 
feeds. 

SELECTING THE MIXTURE. 

On the basis of the cost of 100 pounds of total digestible 
nutrients the cheapest seven feeds, one-half the list, in order of 
cheapness are distillers' dried grains, gluten feed, malt sprouts, 
dried beet pulp, flour middlings, hominy feed, wheat bran. Not 
considering manurial values then, we would suggest the following 
as a good mixture : 

500 lbs. distillers' dried grains 
400 lbs. gluten feed 
500 lbs. hominy feed 
300 lbs. wheat bran 
300 lbs. oil meal 

This mixture would contain about 23 per cent of total protein 
and would make a balanced ration with practically any kind of 
roughage. Two of the relatively cheapest feeds, malt sprouts and 
dried beet pulp, have been left out because the writer would suggest 
that if either of these be used that it should be wet up and fed 
separately. If a farmer does not have silage this would be the 
advisable thing to do. Feed the equivalent of three or four pounds 
of the dried pulp or malt sprouts daily and cut dry grain somewhat. 
Flour middlings are not used because bran is better and only a 
little more expensive. Oil meal has been put in although eleventh 
in the list because of a personal liking for oil meal in a ration if 
not wholly out of the question on account of price. The oil meal 
would not be needed except for variety if silage is available and 
perhaps not needed at all if the beet pulp or malt sprouts are fed 
wet. 

Page Twe7ity-five 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

If manurial values are given credit the seven cheapest feeds in 
the list in order are malt sprouts, distillers' dried grains, gluten 
feed, cottonseed meal, wheat bran, brev/ers' dried grains, flour 
wheat middlings. The following suggestion is made on this basis : 

400 lbs. distillers' dried grains 

400 lbs. gluten feed 

200 lbs. brewers' dried grains 

300 lbs. wheat bran 

500 lbs. hominy feed 

200 lbs. cottonseed meal 

Here again malt sprouts come high in the list and could be used 
to advantage fed wet. There are several factors against malt 
sprouts. Weed seeds are present many times, and may germinate 
after passing through the cow. Further, according to some 
authorities, the value of the protein in malt sprouts is not high. 
Therefore the use of malt sprouts may be more or less questionable. 

This the writer offers as a basis for the proper selection of 
feeds. We invite criticism. It is merely a mathematical method 
of studying prices and the selection must always be modified by 
one's knowledge of what the feed will do. The writer has given 
one example in putting oil meal in the first mixture because he 
likes oil meal in a ration. 



V. Forage Crops For Roughage 

THERE is one great forage crop in the United States which is 
head and shoulders above all others except perhaps alfalfa. 
That crop is corn. Corn is king of the cereal grains and for all 
dairy farmers is king of the roughages. No dairy farmer can 
afford to continue without a silo. This statement cannot be made 
too strong. Therefore the main part of this article shall be a plea 
for silage on every dairy farm. 

Early each spring every farmer should plan for a crop of corn 
for next winter's feeding, and if he does not have one plan to buy 
and build the silo in the late summer. Estimating thirty pounds 
per head per day for 180 days' feeding, a silo which will hold 100 
tons will furnish silage enough for liberal feeding for a herd of 35 
mature cows or the equivalent. A silo 16 feet in diameter and 30 
feet deep will hold upwards of 100 tons with some allowance for 
settling from the top after filling. 

The yield per acre of good varieties of corn for silage on good 
land will average eight to ten tons per acre. Therefore plan for 
ten acres of corn if you have 35 cows, build a good silo and be on a 
firm foundation for feeding in the winter. 

Silage is the cheapest forage that can be grown. To prove this 
a comparison is made with hay. Silage is worth for feeding, one- 
third the value of good clover hay. This is a safe and simple way 
of calculating the value of silage and may be shown to be true in 
several ways. 

1. There are 354 pounds of total digestible nutrients in one 

Page Twenty-six 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

ton of corn silage; in one ton of red clover hay, 1,018 pounds of 
total digestible nutrients. Therefore, on this basis three tons of 
silage are more than equal to one ton of hay. If hay is worth $12 
per ton, silage is worth $4 per ton. 

2. Look at the cost of production of silage. Can it be pro- 
duced for $4 per ton? 

The best estimate to which the author has access is the following 
table taken from "Feeds and Feeding" by Henry & Morrison. This 
shows the cost well below $4 per ton : 

COST PER ACRE OF CORN SILAGE. 

Minnesota Illinois Ohio 

201 acres 147 acres 115 acres 

Land rental $3.75 $5.28 $3.81 

Manure or fertilizers 3.73 1.46 

Seed 1.06 .42 .28 

Labor growing and cutting crop 5.19 ) i o oc t a ao 

Labor filling silo 4.12 j ^"^"^^ ^^'^^ 

Twine 36 .41 .18 

Coal 42 .46 .25 

Rental of power for cutter 1.39 1.21 1.36 

Interest and depreciation on farm machinery 1.56 1.76 1.34 

Miscellaneous 1.13 .58 .42 

Total cost per acre $18.98 $26.11 $23.73 

Cost per ton, 10 tons per acre $1.90 $2.62 $2.37 

Computed in another way, one ton of silage in the corn belt 
will contain 5 bushels of corn at $.50, equals $2.50, plus $1 per ton 
of putting the corn into the silo, equals $3.50 per ton. This again 
checks below one-third the value of hay. Other methods may be 
used in checking up and in every case it will be found that silage 
is the cheapest roughage produced, considering its value from the 
point of succulence, which means health and milk with dairy cows, 
and food value. 

A second great point in favor of silage is the cost and ease of 
storage. This is shown easily by a comparison with the storage 
of hay. A 100 ton silo 16 x 30 feet will have in it 6,040 cubic feet. 
To store the equivalent 30 tons of hay will require 15,000 cubic 
feet of barn room at least as costly in construction. 

This brings up the question of first cost for those who must 
build new silos. A careful study of the comparative costs of the 
different types of silos based on the 100 ton size yields the following 
data: 

Wooden stave silos cost $1.50 per ton capacity; solid concrete 
type $2.50 per ton; cement block $4 per ton, and vitrified hollow 
tile $5.50 per ton. If we add this cost of the silo to the cost of 
production given above, a valuation of $4 per ton for the silage 
covers the entire cost of a stave silo in one year. Therefore can 
any dairyman afford to be without silage? 

The next great question is the question of hay. Computed from 
the 1910 census, the following table gives the average yield per 
acre from alfalfa, clover, timothy and corn on an air dry basis : 

Page Twenty-seven 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

RETURN PER ACRE OF ALFALFA AND OTHER CROPS. 

Yield per Dig. crude Total dig. 

acre, Xbs. protein, tbs. nutrients, lbs. 

Alfalfa hay 5040 529 2672 

Clover hay 2440 183 1263 

Timothy hay 2440 ' 68 1174 

Corn (ears and stover) 3440 140 1964 

This shows in no uncertain way why the acreage of alfalfa has 
doubled during the last ten years and puts this crop ahead of any 
other dry roughage. Alfalfa hay forms the best supplement to 
corn silage. The man who has both alfalfa and corn silage has 
gone a long way in solving his feeding problems. Therefore after 
planning for silage all dairy farmers should turn their attention to 
the production of alfalfa. We need not go into detail. A glance 
which shows the comparative production of total digestible 
nutrients per acre and the comparative production of digestible 
protein is all that is needed. Then couple this evidence with the 
fact that the alfalfa crop is perennial through at least five years 
when a good stand is secured. Therefore the foundation is silage 
and alfalfa. 

A very significant statement was once made to the writer by a 
New York farmer who had had much experience with alfalfa in 
the alfalfa belt. He said : "If you will do as much for the clover 
plant as you are willing to do for the alfalfa plant in the way of 
preparation of the seed bed, lime, etc., the clover plant will do as 
much for you." There is a chance for much reflection on this. We 
do a great deal for alfalfa. Perhaps if we were more careful of 
our clover and did a little more for it, it would greatly repay us. 
This gentleman practices a short rotation of clover, potatoes, corn, 
oats and clover again. When asked if he did not want a hay crop 
which would stay down more than one year, he said he wanted the 
clover sod for his potatoes. On some fields he seeded timothy with 
the clover and used the timothy for a cash crop. Timothy and 
mixed grasses are a very poor substitute for clover or alfalfa hay 
for feeding dairy cattle. 

Soy beans, cowpea hay and hay from oats and peas are all 
crops that may be utilized for a leguminous roughage for next 
winter. 

Every breeder of Holstein-Friesian cattle should enter his 
animals in advanced registry. A valuable roughage to have on 
hand for this purpose to supplement silage and hay is roots. The 
best feeders advise the growing of the "Detroit Red" table beet for 
this purpose. Mangels will yield more per acre. "Norbiton 
Giant" is a large red variety of mangels for fall and early winter 
feeding, and "Golden Tankard" is a yellow variety which keeps 
better for late winter and spring feeding. Potatoes may be used, 
but ordinarily are not worth more than 15 cents a bushel compared 
with other crops. 

Some interest is being shown in sweet clover and perhaps under 
special conditions this crop might be used. 

Page Twenty-nine 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

Finally it may be said that the author wishes this thought to 
stick, that roughage for dairy cattle for the greatest and most 
economical production must lie on a very few common crops, and 
every farmer must bend his energies to perfect his knowledge of 
the production of these rather than seek new crops. These crops 
are: 1. Corn for silage. 2. Alfalfa hay, or, failing this, clover 
hay. 3. Roots for special high production of milk. 

Nothing has been said on varieties except for roots or on 
cultural methods. It is hard to make general statements on these 
points in a short article. The author prefers to leave these points, 
to individual inquiry when the local conditions pertinent to each, 
farm may be stated. 



VI. Curing Hay From the Standpoint of a Feeder 

THE farmer who raises hay to feed to his own stock has a differ- 
ent problem from the farmer who raises hay to sell. The latter 
has only one object in view, to raise as much dry weight per acre as 
he can, of a quality which will command a high price. The feeder 
is raising as much forage as he can per acre most economically ; he 
wishes to have the hay as highly digestible as possible and as pal- 
atable as possible. 

The ideal hay from the feeders' standpoint must be br'ght in 
color and have a fine clean aroma. These two factors are important 
to make the hay properly palatable. If the hay is to be highly 
digestible all of the leaves must be retained. This is an important 
factor in the curing of all legumes. It has been found at the 
Colorado Experiment Station that 40 to 60 per cent, of the weight 
of alfalfa hay is in the leaves. In these leaves are four-fifths of 
the protein and more than one-half of the carbohydrates other than 
fiber, and more than one-half of the fat. By careful work it was 
found that under very favorable conditions, for every ton of hay 
taken from the field, 350 pounds were lost in the leaves broken off. 
In one instance, under unfavorable conditions, for 2000 pounds of 
hay cured 3000 pounds were lost in broken leaves and stems, that 
is, more was lost than saved. The portion saved under such con- 
ditions is the less valuable part, the woody stems and coarser leaves. 
The leaves of timothy and other grasses do not break off easily. 

The last factor of great importance is the freedom from dust 
and mold. Under some circumstance on land that has flowed or 
on new seeding the hay may be very dusty and dirty due to dirt 
from an external source. But most of the dust in hay comes from 
the growth of bacteria and molds. These can only be kept down 
by proper care in curing. 

With this introduction we may divide the rest of the discussion 
into two parts: 1. Some of the methods used in making hay. 
2. When to cut timothy, clover and alfalfa as typical hay crops- 
most generally raised. 

Three things m.ust take place in making hay : 1. The water 

Page Thirty 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

content should be reduced to somewhat below 20 per cent. There 
is some fermentation going on, caused by bacteria. 2. The curing 
process must control this so that the aroma of the hay will be best 
to make the hay palatable and so that there will be practically no 
dust. 3. Hay must be exposed as little as possible to the sun 
to prevent bleaching. This is again important from the stand- 
point of palatability. 

Careful experiments have been made which show that dried 
grass has the same nutritive value as fresh grass. Two portions 
of the same field have been cut and equal amounts fed to a cow, 
one portion fresh and an equal portion of the fresh material care- 
fully dried before feeding. The milk production was the same. 
In all practical cases, however, one cannot cure hay without some 
exposure and loss, therefore the cured hay never has quite the 
same feeding value as the fresh material. The loss from the sun 
is comparatively small. The greatest loss always occurs when 
bleaching takes place from rain. In one experiment hay exposed 
to three rains lost 60 per cent, of the crude protein, 41 per cent, of 
the carbohydrates other than fiber, and 33 per cent, of the fat. In 
this case 31.7 per cent, of the total dry matter was lost. 

It is diflicult to write any method of curing. Probably the ideal 
way to cure hay, particularly clover and alfalfa, is to mow after 
the dew is off, then rake and cock the hay when well wilted and 
while hot. Cock into small cocks. Then open out the next day or 
the second day in large flakes, shaking the hay as little as possible 
to prevent loss of leaves. The main reason back of this process 
is that the leaves and stems are still alive until nearly dry. The 
life processes still go on and the one that helps in the curing is that 
the water continues to move from the stems to the leaves. If the 
hay is allowed to wilt too much the leaves will become completely 
dry before the stems have dried out sufl^ciently. When well cocked 
this movement of water will continue and leaves and stems all dry 
out together. In the cock too, about the right amount of fermenta- 
tion will develop to give the hay its best color and aroma. Of 
course by this method bleaching is reduced to a minimum. If hay 
caps are used perhaps it is best if the cocks are not disturbed at 
all the day after the hay is cut. Many times the cocks may be 
opened after the dew is off the next morning and the hay sufficiently 
cured to be stored the day after it is cut. A modification of this 
method is to cut the hay in the late afternoon, cock up the next day 
and house it the next. In good weather these methods work out 
very well. 

Any modification in the interest of soeed and economy almost 
always means curing in the windrow without cocking. This is all 
right for mixed grasses, timothy and all hay with a minimum of 
legumes in it. But methods involving frequent tedding and much 
exposure to the sun, cause bleaching and then in case of rain the 
very greatest loss because of the maximum surface exposed. Ex- 
posure to dew is always bad except when freshly cut. When cut 

Page Thirty-one 



L^.. 




Feedhiff Dairy Cattle 

in the late afternoon the first night's exposure to dew does little 
harm. A more extensive use of hay caps in the curing of legume^ 
will improve the quality of our legume hay very much. Hay should 
be put into the barn as dry as possible but at the same time there 
must be moisture enough to cause the hay to pack well. The ability 
to decide just when hay is right to go in is an art and no rule can 
be given. Authentic instances of spontaneous combustion are on 
record, therefore one must take no chance by putting in the hay too 
green. 

WHEN TO CUT TIMOTHY, CLOVER AND ALFALFA. 

The proper time to cut hay is when the largest yield per acre 
can be obtained commensurate with highest quality. With timothy 
hay this is when in full bloom. The Missouri Station in an experi- 
ment showing average results for three seasons give us the best 
data: 

YIELD OF TIMOTHY CUT AT DIFFERENT STAGES. 

Dry matter Total digestible 

per acre matter 

ITds. ttis. 

Coming into blossom 3411 1908 

Full bloom 3964 2113 

Seed formed 4089 2030 

Seed in dough 4038 1914 

Seed ripe 3747 1754 

It will be seen that at full bloom the most digestible matter is 
yielded. The farmer who wishes to sell his hay would not cut it 
until after the seed had formed in order to get the greatest yield 
of dry matter per acre. Practice tells us that for feeding most 
animals the early cut timothy is the best. Horses, however, may 
utilize to good advantage hay cut later. A like table from Illinois 
and Pennsylvania gives comparable results on red clover : 

YIELD AND NUTRIENTS IN AN ACRE OF MEDIUM RED CLOVER. 

Yield of hay Total 

Stag'e of Growth when cut per acre nutrients 

rbs. Djs. 

Illinois — Hunt: 

Full bloom 3600 2309 

Heads three-fourths dead 3260 2231 

Pennsylvania — Jordan : 

Heads in bloom 4210 3419 

Same heads dead 4141 3202 

Heads all dead 3915 3153 

This shows that the proper time to cut clover is when in full 
bloom. 

With alfalfa a different problem is involved. Here the second 
crop must be considered. Two general rules are observed : 1. 
Cut when about one-tenth in bloom. 2. Cut when new shoots 
appear at the crown. In general it seems best to observe the second 
rule in the interest of the next crop. In many sections it is prac- 
tically impossible to cure the first crop of alfalfa. Although apart 
from the subject of hay making it may be mentioned here that one 
way to conserve this first crop under unfavorable weather con- 
ditions is to put it into the silo as one would put in corn. The 

Page Thirty-three 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

resulting silage is not as valuable as corn silage but is a valuable 
silage nevertheless. 

Finally, not enough thought is given to the relation between 
quality of hay and its nutritive value. High nutritive value is 
always found in the best cured hay. Hay making as an art or 
science is something more than simply getting the hay dry enough 
to go into the barn. 



VII. When to Cut Corn For Silage 

THE determination of the proper time of cutting corn for silage 
has passed through an interesting history. 

When silage was first made it was thought that the corn plant 
must be very green in order to make proper silage and much of the 
valuable part of the crop lost as we shall see. As silos have become 
more and more common the corn plant has been harvested later and 
later, until now it is the custom, and the proper one, to wait as long 
as possible in order to get more maturity, with increased keeping 
qualities. 

In order to study the subject carefully and to find out the reason 
for the practice of waiting until the corn is as near mature as pos- 
sible we must study the nutrient content of the corn plant at dif- 
ferent stages of maturity. 

This is best shown in a table taken from "Modern Silage 
Methods", published by the Silver Co., Salem, Ohio : 

CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE CORN CROP. 

Tasseled Silked Milk Glazed Ripe 

Yield per Acre July ^0 Aug. 9 Aug. 21 Sept. 7 Sept. 23 

n^s. rbs. ttjs. n:)s. n^s. 

Gross weight 18045.0 25745.0 32600.0 32295.0 28460.0 

Water in the crop 16426.0 22666.0 27957.0 25093.0 20542.0 

Dry matter 2619.0 3078.0 4643.0 7202.0 7918.0 

Ash 138.9 201.3 232.2 302.5 364.2 

Crude protein 239.8 436.8 478.7 643.9 677.8 

Fiber 514.2 872.9 1262.0 2755.9 1734.0 

N. F. E 653.9 1399.3 2441.3 3239.8 4827.6 

(Starch, sugar, etc.) 

Crude fat 72.2 167.8 228.9 260.0 314.3 

A careful study of this table will show some very interesting 
things. The huge increase in the amount of dry matter per acre 
comes between the milk stage and the glazing stage. There is a 
still further increase before ripening. After the glazing stage 
there is a change in the carbohydrates. The amount of fiber per 
acre drops more than 1000 lbs. before the corn is ripe, and the more 
soluble carbohydrates, starches, sugars, etc., increase more than 
1500 lbs. An increase in the dry matter per acre, with every day 
up to maturity, tells us that the later we put off putting the corn 
into the silo up to the time the corn is ripe, the more food per acre 
we are getting in our crop. All groups of nutrients except the 
fiber show an increase with every day and the loss in fiber is more 
than made up by the increase in other carbohydrates. Fiber is 
the hardest nutrient to digest and the percentage of fiber that is 

Page Thirty-four 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

digested is less than the percentage of any other nutrient. There- 
fore the total digestibility of the corn plant will increase towards 
maturity. 

From the average of twenty-one careful trials, with more than 
twelve different varieties of corn, it has been found that between 
tasseling and ripening the dry matter in the plant will increase 193 
per cent., the crude protein 98 per cent. These averages have been 
compiled from several sources and bear out the statements given in 
detail above in the table. It is seen that when the plant has reached 
its full height, it has really only begun to store up food for use in 
the form of silage. These tables show conclusively how foolish 
it is to grow corn of large varieties for silage, and how much better 
it is to plant the corn no thicker than to allow it to mature fully, 
with the largest possible proportion of ears. 

Therefore, due to the larger proportion of food value as corn 
approaches maturity, we can say without any doubt, that the time 
to cut corn for silage is as near maturity as possible. The only 
reason for not waiting until the corn is ripe is that there is danger 
that the silage may not pack well. This may be overcome in part 
by the addition of water, as will be discussed under treatment sug- 
gested for frosted corn. 

A third reason, apart from the increased amount of nutrients 
and less fiber is in the fact that there is more of the carbohydrates 
in the form of starch as the plant approaches maturity than in the 
form of sugar. This fact has an important bearing on the keeping 
quality of the silage. The more sugar there is present the farther 
fermentation will go and the more acid will result. The better 
quality of silage is that that is least acid. Then, too, the losses in 
food value which occured in the silage after it was stored in the 
silo, in the early days, often ran as high as 20 per cent. According 
to the best authorities, the loss need not be above five per cent, if 
the corn is reasonably mature before cutting and the silage is prop- 
erly packed. The writer has many times seen gallons of liquid, 
nearly of the consistency of syrup, run out from the bottom of silos 
when the corn was put in too green. The silage in such a silo is 
sure to be very acid. While not injurious, acid silage is not so 
palatable, certainly not so nutritious, and indicates that there has 
been a greater loss than necessary in the silage after storage. 

SILAGE FROM FROSTED CORN. 

In the colder parts of the top tier of states in the United States, 
if we are going to leave our corn in the field until it is fully glazed, 
or even later, often it is going to get frosted. There is now enough 
experience on this point to enable us to say that frosted corn will 
make just as good silage as other corn if properly cared for. First, 
the corn that has been frosted must be cut at once, because if left 
in the fields it will shatter and lose some in this way if it dries out 
too much. Then if the frosted corn is rained on very much the 
same losses will occur as would occur if the corn were cut and 
shocked. 

Page Thirty-five \ 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

When frosted corn is cut into the silo water enough must be 
added to make the silage pack well. Practically it is nearly impos- 
sible to do this unless the blower type of silage cutter is used. Then 
the water is introduced into the blower and the silage is thoroughly 
and evenly wet. Water enough will be added if a good stream, 
without much pressure, is run into the blower with a three-quarter 
inch hose. The writer has had two years' experience with silage 
made from frosted corn in this way and when fed it could not be 
distinguished from ordinary silage. 

We would advise, then, that when there is a blower cutter avail- 
able and a stream of water then can be introduced into the blower, 
corn should be allowed to mature beyond the glazed stage before 
it is cut. We would even suggest that some chance be taken with 
early frosts in order to get a more matured plant with the very 
evidently greater food value than there is if cutting is put off until 
the kernels are fully glazed. 



VIII. An Ideal Ration For a Dairy Cow 

THE point of view in this paper is the proper ration for a dairy 
cow after she has freshened and is in full flow of milk. How 
shall we feed her to get maximum production? Farmers wish to 
know what is the "best" dairy ration. The answer must always be in 
terms of the surroundings on each person's own farm. Perhaps it 
will be best to begin the discussion with a definition of the "best" 
dairy ration. That ration is the best which will bring about the 
greatest production at the least cost, and in looking at production 
in these days we must look at the records that the cows make as 
well as the actual milk produced. There is more money in the 
record and in the offspring than in the milk itself. The best breed- 
ers of pure-breds look at the milk as a by-product. 

Before the ration itself can be considered, a breeder must look 
to the conditions surrounding his herd. We will only stop to con- 
sider these for a moment and just barely call attention to them. 
These things are five : kindness, light, pure air, pure water and an 
abundance of salt. 

Every animal in a dairy herd, which is well managed, will be so 
tame that the owner and attendants may catch her easily at any 
time in the open lot. A dog, be he ever so gentle, is of little use in 
connection with a dairy herd. A club or whip has no place in a 
dairy barn. Light and ventilation explain themselves. We must 
supply all the light and pure air possible. It is not costly to provide 
light in a stable, neither is it very costly to provide very efficient 
means of ventilation in old stables if the owner is a live, hustling 
manager with his mind open to the best in his power for the com- 
fort of his animals. All the dairy papers and experiment stations 
are ready at any time to help and suggest means of bettering stable 
conditions with plans which may be had for the asking. Most of 

Page Thirty-six 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

these plans are simple and economical and farmers are fully capable 
of putting them into execution. 

Cows should be watered at least twice a day. The water should 
be pure and if possible, at all times of year it should be free from 
ice. If cows have a place to drink where ice does not form, and 
when they are watered twice a day, it does not seem necessary 
to artificially warm the water. The danger is to avoid chilling the 
animal so that she will not have to stand and shiver after drinking. 
Any system which will furnish pure water and which works so that 
the cow gets all that she requires, at least twice in twenty-four 
hours, is a good watering system. 

A cow should be furnished with about one ounce of salt every 
day. The practice of our best dairymen varies. The writer would 
suggest feeding each cow about two ounces three times a week, 
either in the grain feed or simply thrown into the manger any time 
during the day. So much for five fundamental conditions which 
must be made right in every herd for the best results. We may now 
turn our attention to the consideration of the ration itself. 

In this series of papers on feeding we like to be definite even if 
the papers are not so smooth in their general effect. In considering 
the formulation of an ideal ration, there are seven factors, that 
should be considered. They are : 

1. Bulk. 

2. Digestibility of the feeds. 

3. The relation of the nutrients — that is, the "balance" or 
nutritive ratio of the ration. 

4. The variety of feeds. 

5. The suitability of the feeds to the animal and the products. 

6. The palatibility of the feeds. 

7. The cost of the ration. 

1. Bulk. Dairy cattle demand a certain amount of bulk in the 
ration. This is secured by feeding succulent feeds. Dry grain 
and hay do not meet this condition or factor. Therefore silage or 
roots must be fed, and to meet ideal conditions we must furnish 
both. This is closely connected with the factor of palatibility ,^ a 
succulent ration is more palatable to a dairy cow. A good definite 
rule is to feed one pound of dry roughage per hundred pounds of 
live weight. When feeding both silage and roots, more than this 
may be advisable. 

2. Digestibility. We should always try to arrange the crops 
so that the most highly digestible feeds will be available. Rough- 
age must be fed but the hay must always be well cured. There is 
probably no chance for straw in an ideal ration. The concentrates 
must not be too bulky. About one pound to the quart is a good 
rule to follow in the mixing of grain rations. 

3. Relation of the nutrients. Much has been said concerning 
the balancing of rations and the nutritive ratio. The writer be- 
lieves that the nutritive ratio should not be outside of 1 : 4.5 to 1 : 6. 
This means one pound of digestible protein to 4.5 pounds to 6 of 

Page Thirty-seven 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

digestible carbohydrates and the fat in the ration. Most farmers 
do not care to compute the nutritive ratio of their ration or have 
not learned to do so. It is advisable to know this because this 
relation is very important. However, if we make sure that at least 
one-half the grain mixture is made from foods containing 20 per 
cent, of crude protein, the nutritive ratio will fall between the 
limits 1 :4.5 to 1 :6 in almost every case. 

4. Variety. No ration has sufficient variety unless there are 
three grains in the mixture. A good check is to have three or more 
grains in the mixture and to have at least four plants represented 
in the whole ration, taking into consideration in this check both the 
roughage and the concentrates. This is important in getting a 
sufficient amount of mineral matter and all the different nutrients 
required. 

5. Feeds suitable to the individual animal and to the product 
are always necessary. 

6. Palatability is very important in large production. Here 
is the place where the individuality of the animal is concerned. In 
a general herd ration, if there is succulent food in abundance at all 
times of year, the ration will be palatable to practically every indi- 
vidual and it is probably not worth while to have more than one 
general mixture. In feeding a cow an ideal ration for a special 
record, it is best to study her whims and personal likes. If roots 
can be provided, the most palatable way to feed the grain is on 
sliced roots. 

7. Most important of all to most farmers is the factor of cost. 
The more valuable the animal and the more we can get for the 
offspring, the less we need to look at the cost of the ration. If a 
man is keeping the cows that meet the ideal that he should have, 
he can afford to feed them all they can eat of the very best foods 
all the time. However, ideal rations may be selected with a great 
deal of attention paid to relative costs. The method of choosing 
concentrates has been given and need not be repeated here. 

Lastly, must be mentioned the amount to be fed. On full pro- 
duction with good cows, it is hardly necessary to mention this — 
it will be found the most economical practice in the end to feed 
for the first six months of the lactation period all the grain the 
cow can consume. Of course, this means all she will consume ac- 
cording to her normal appetite and does not mean crowding. About 
one pound of grain to three and one-half pounds of milk will ordi- 
narily be sufficient. 

With the above rules in mind, the following ration is suggested 
as approaching the ideal for a cow weighing 1100 pounds and 
producing forty pounds of milk per day, testing 3.5 per cent, 
butter fat: 

10 pounds alfalfa hay 
30 pounds corn silage 
30 pounds mangels (sliced) 
12 pounds grain 

Page Thirty-eight 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 



This grain mixture is suggested 



500 pounds distillers' dried grains 

300 pounds gluten feed 

200 pounds wheat bran 

200 pounds ground oats 

400 pounds hominy feed 

200 pounds oil meal 

200 pounds cottonseed meal 

The writer is fully aware that in the above, the oats, the oil meal 
and the cottonseed meal are high in price, but in this paper the 
ideal ration is being considered, and the above ration is the best 
that we know how to put together. 

For those who would not wish to mix so complicated a mixture, 
the mixture given before will check with the factors concerned : 

500 pounds hominy 

500 pounds distillers' dried grains 

500 pounds wheat mixed feed 

300 pounds gluten feed 

200 pounds oil meal 

If roots are not available it might be well to purchase dried beet 
pulp and soak up about three or four pounds per cow and feed the 
grain on this soaked beet pulp in place of sliced roots. 

In case no roots or beet pulp are fed, a little more grain would 
be advisable. 




ORMSBY JANE SEGIS AAGGIE 
One of the World's most famous Holsteins. Her two records are both above 44 lbs. 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 



Part Two— Advanced Registry Feeding 

IX. Fitting a Cow For An Advanced 
Registry Test 

THE best preparation for large advanced registry records is in 
proper breeding. The quickest way to get a herd properly bred 
is through the influence of the sire. Presumably this article is to 
be on the care and management and the feeding of cows that are 
to be tested for advanced registry, but the writer cannot refrain 
from introducing it with a few words on breeding. There is not 
much to be said on the feeding of animals about to be tested. The 
grain mixtures to be recommended are based on a few simple prin- 
ciples that can be put in a few words, and those words will be given 
a little further along. 

A farmer who is going to test his animals regularly and keep 
it up, must school himself to the point where he will be willing to 
pay big money for the head of his herd. No volumes on fitting or 
on feeding are going to help him any nor make large records for 
him on animals that have not been well bred from the start, to give 
them the constitution and capacity to handle the feed necessary 
to produce the milk and fat. 

Therefore study the breeding of your herd and the individuals, 
and study the breeding of those animals that are making the big 
records all the time. Then the sooner that you get the sire with 
the right kind of breeding and get the right kind of breeding in 
the cows to which he can be bred, the soonor the large records will 
come to your herd. We do not mean by this that feed and care 
are not important, for they are all important. But first of all let 
us get the cows and the bull and get to breeding right. 

Then right on top of breeding comes experience. And the only 
way to get experience in testing is to test. A great many young 
breeders hesitate to begin testing because they think too much of 
the expense of it. It is expensive. But the plunge has to be taken 
sooner or later, and the sooner the better. The easiest time to 
put an A, R, 0, record on a cow is when she is a heifer. Each year 
makes the requirement that much higher. Even if the records are 
low they are always worth more than they cost. It is so much 
better to say that this or that cow has an A, R. O, record than to 
try to sell her or her calf when she has no record at all. If she 
is registered she is entitled to a record. And any farmer with any 
knowledge of feeding at all can at least cause his animals to make 
requirements. Many times he will be surprised with the results. 

Page Forty-one 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

So begin, and begin now. With a beginning will come experi- 
ence and interest. Then will come the great desire to have the 
best that is going and with those, with common sense, this means 
the beginning of their real success in the dairy farming business. 

Before beginning the actual feeding suggestions, the writer 
wishes to quote a little from a bulletin written by Professor T. L. 
Haecker, of Minnesota. In the handling of highly bred animals, 
and particularly of those we expect to test, kindness and even 
pampering will bring in good returns. Professor Haecker says 
this very well and we take the liberty to quote him : 

"We know of many instances where the best of dairy cows were 
kept, and where good methods of feeding were practiced ; and still 
results fell far short of what might reasonably be expected, simply 
because the animals did not receive that kindly treatment which is 
so essential to a cow giving much milk over a long period. The 
herd as a whole should always be moved slowly. Never hurry a 
cow or strike her or speak loudly or harshly. A gentle voice and 
a caressing touch are quite as potent as is digestible protein. If 
you so handle the cows that they are fond of you, you have learned 
one of the most important lessons that lead to profitable dairying. 
The most successful milk-producers are always in close touch with 
every cow in the herd. The milk-producer has to do with mother- 
hood, in which affection always plays an important part. A cow's 
affection for the calf prompts the desire to give it milk ; if you gain 
her affection she will desire to give you milk. If you have not 
been in the habit of caressing the cows, the time to inaugurate the 
practice is when they approach the time of calving, as it is at that 
particular time when they take kindly to grooming and to gentle 
rubbing of the udder." 

In taking up suggestions for the feeding and management of 
animals that are tested we will take the heifers first. The prepara- 
tion of a heifer for testing must begin when she is born. She must 
be grown well from the start. Much has been said about getting 
young stock too fat and thus destroying their dairy qualities and 
inducing them to lay on fat after calving rather than to turn all 
the feed into milk and butter fat. Some careful experiments have 
been made by Professor Eckles on this point and the results seem 
to favor keeping the heifer somewhat fat for the best results in test 
when the time comes. Eckles fed one heifer on rich and abundant 
rations from birth to calving, while another was kept poor and 
thin. After calving the milk of the well-fed heifer tested over 4 
per cent while that of the poor heifer tested 3 per cent. After 
calving the fat heifer declined in weight and the percentage of fat 
in the milk remained about constant. The weight of the thin heifer 
remained about the same. After several weeks the weight of the 
fat heifer became constant and the percentage of fat in the milk 
declined somewhat. In the end the percentage of fat in the milk 
of both heifers was practically the same for the remainder of the 
lactation period. Observation by others has led to the same con- 

Page Forty-two 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

elusion. Therefore it would seem to be wise to grow heifers well 
and fatten them somewhat before calving. There is no evidence 
to show that heifers treated in this way will be of poorer dairy 
temperament than heifers of the same breeding that have been 
grown on less grain and more roughage, heifers that have made 
equally good growth in frame but are not so fat at time of calving. 

It may be well to let heifers that are to be tested after their first 
calf get well developed before breeding. This means to breed them 
to drop their first calves at thirty months. The strain of testing 
the first lactation and consequent high milk production may keep 
them from growing as well during this first lactation period. Then 
it is a good plan to milk them a full twelve months this first lac- 
tation period to form a habit of holding out well. 

Good silage and legume hay is the foundation of the ration in the 
preparation period. The list of grains from which to choose is not 
long. Corn, oats, barley, wheat bran and oil meal are enough to 
choose from. A good mixture is : 

30 pounds of corn meal or hominy 

30 pounds of wheat bran 

30 pounds of ground oats 

10 pounds of oil meal 
Barley might be substituted for the corn meal and oats in part. 
This is simply a good growing ration and a fattening ration when 
fed in sufficient quantity. The feeder will feed enough in connec- 
tion with the roughage to get the heifers as fat as he thinks they 
should be. This will mean four to six pounds a day, practically 
from one year old to the time of calving, except on the very best 
of pasture. 

The same mixture does very well for mature cows that are to 
be tested. Sometimes it is necessary to feed mature animals 10 to 
12 pounds per day to get them in proper condition. It is the usual 
custom to rest cows that are to be tested a long period before. It 
has always seemed to the writer that a period longer than twelve 
weeks is not necessary and perhaps it is detrimental to the best 
interests of the breed if the rest period is longer than eight to ten 
weeks. 

X. Feeding For Advanced Registry Records 

¥n offering suggestions in the feeding of individual cows which 
* are being tested for advanced registry records, it is assumed that 
these animals have been rested for a period of eight to twelve weeks 
after having been carefully dried off. It is supposed that they have 
been well fed and cared for, that they have calved and cleaned all 
right and that they are in good flesh. Perhaps it is well to have 
them more than in good flesh, they should be fat for the best results. 
While a large number of records have been made directly after 
calving in the first three weeks, on the average a cow does not 
strike her best gait until about three weeks after she has dropped 
her calf. She should be treated carefully from the start and 
watched, milked and cared for just as if she were doing her best at 

Page Forty-three 




WANDEMERE BELLE HENGERVELD 
World's Champion junior four-year-old 




FANCHER FARM MAXIE 
World's Champion senior four-year-old 



feeding Dairy Cattle 

all times and if she shows a tendency to strike her gait early, then 
it is well to be ready for it and take all advantage of such a con- 
dition. Applications for a supervisor should be made with the 
proper authorities early enough to insure having one when one is 
needed. Getting a supervisor within two or three days of the time 
actually needed is almost entirely a question of making an appli- 
cation early enough, months before one really needs him. The 
experiment station or college authorities who send out the super- 
visors and authenticate the records are always very willing to 
cancel applications or to defer the time when a supervisor shall be 
sent if a reasonable notice is given by the Jbreeder that he wishes 
his application cancelled or wishes his test deferred. Therefore 
to be on the safe side, send in your application about three months 
before the time you will actually want the supervisor on the ground 
and then cancel or defer if necessary according to the way the cows 
show up. A little attention to this matter of early application will 
help the breeders to get supervisors when they want them and will 
help the authorities that authenticate the records to give better 
satisfaction to the breeder. 

After a cow freshens and has straightened out she may be fed on 
good roughage and about four or five pounds per day of the grain 
mixture that was recommended for fitting, that is, a mixture of 
30 lbs. of wheat bran, 30 lbs. of hominy feed, 30 lbs. of ground oats 
and 10 lbs. of oil meal. It may be said that since writing the last 
article the writer has learned that many breeders like to feed more 
oil meal than is suggested above during the last three or four weeks 
before calving, particularly when a large grain ration is fed. If 
everything goes all right the cow may be changed to the test ration 
three or four days after calving and the amount of grain gradually 
increased to the limit of her appetite. The increase should not be 
made faster than one pound per day except in some individual cases 
when the feeder knows his animal thoroughly well and knows that 
she can stand a more rapid increase than this. 

The Test Ration : For roughage the first requisite seems to 
be alfalfa hay, or, if this is not obtainable, clover hay, corn silage 
with as much grain in it as possible and beets. The "Detroit Red" 
table beet seems to be preferred by most breeders. Mangels give 
nearly as good results. "Norbiton Giant" is a good variety of red 
mangels, but is not as late a keeper as the yellow fleshed variety, 
"Golden Tankard." As to methods of feeding the roughage, most 
feeders slice the beets and feed the grain on them while the cow is 
being milked. It is usually best to milk four times in each twenty- 
four hours at intervals of six hours. This means from ten to fifteen 
pounds of sliced beets at a feed with a quarter portion of the grain 
mixture poured on the beets. If the cow does not have access to 
water whenever she wants it she should be watered before each 
milking. She can then be fed silage twice a day and hay twice a 
day, alternating the feed of these roughages between milkings. It 

Page Forty-five 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

is good practice to feed all the hay and silage she will eat, always 
seeing to it that her appetite is kept keen for all her food. 

The Mixture of Concentrates : The writer suggests the fol- 
lowing as a good mixture of concentrates : 

500 pounds distillers' dried grains 

300 lbs. gluten feed 

400 pounds wheat bran 

400 pounds hominy feed 

200 pounds oil meal 

200 pounds cottonseed meal 

This mixture of concentrates has given good satisfaction in a 
number of instances. 

No exact directions can be given as to the amount of concen- 
trates that shall be fed. This must be decided by the feeder. The 
size of the animal, her appetite, capacity, condition of flesh, are all 
characteristics which have an important bearing on the question 
of the amount to feed. Some cows are what is known as good 
feeders ; others must be carefully watched. Sometimes it seems 
that the best way to handle a cow is to force her appetite to its 
limit until she is almost off feed. If she can be kept up to this limit 
it seems to have the effect of causing her to test high. If there is 
an indication that she may go off feed a good thing to do is to change 
her ration to the mixture of 30 lbs. of wheat bran, 30 lbs. of ground 
oats, 30 lbs. of hominy and 10 lbs. of oil meal, for a couple of feeds 
and reduce the amount even to two pounds. This sudden change 
of mixture and reduction of amount will cause her, many times, to 
come back on her feed at once with vigorous appetite. If a fluc- 
tuation in per cent of butter fat is caused by this sudden change 
it is likely to be toward a higher plane. To those who have a 
quantity of good ground oats on hand, it might be well to put some 
ground oats in in place of some of the bran and hominy feed. 

The principles on which these suggestions for rations are based 
are simple. Alfalfa hay is good in itself and may be particularly 
useful in furnishing an abundant supply of lime, particularly in 
long time tests. The silage and beets are cooling and laxative. 
The mixture of concentrates suggested is properly put together to 
furnish a bulky mixture, plenty of easily digestible material, plenty 
of variety and an abundance of protein. Such large variety will 
probably insure a sufficient supply of the proper protein con- 
stituents and vitamines and things of this nature about which not 
very much is definitely known beyond the fact that the lack of an 
almost infinitely small amount may be the limiting factor in 
any given ration. 

A study made by a student, Mr. W. L. Houck, under the writer's 
direction about two years ago may be of interest in this connection. 
Mr. Houck wrote to the ten breeders and feeders of the cows holding 
the highest yearly semi-official records in each of the four leading 
dairy breeds, Holstein-Friesian, Guernsey, Jersey and Ayrshire. 
He received answers to twenty-two letters out of the forty. He 
tabulated the results and found that the following feeds occurred 
in the rations the following number of times : 

Page Forty-six 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

Alfalfa hay 12 

Clover hay None 

Mixed hay 11 

Beets or mangels 18 

Corn silage 17 

Pasture 11 

Carrots 9 

It is interesting^ to note that no one of the twenty-two breeders 
reported the use of clover hay ; it was either mixed hay or alfalfa. 
Soiling crops were used in a few scattering cases. Pasture of 
course shows many times in these reports because these were 
reports on yearly record feeding. It is not likely that pasture 
would constitute any great part in the feeding for short time tests 
for seven or thirty days. 

For the concentrates used, we have the following record : 

Times 

Distillers' dried grains 14 

Gluten feed 16 

Wheat bran 22 

Hominy feed 9 

Oil meal 18 

Cottonseed meal 13 

Ground oats 16 

Corn meal 7 

Ground barley h 

Dried beet pulp 9 

Unicorn dairy feed 1 

Molasses 2 

To the writer, these reports are very interesting and in a later 
paper, it is proposed to give the mixtures used by several of the 
feeders and breeders who have succeeded in making large records 
both in short time and in long time tests. It will be noticed that in 
the suggested mixture above those feeds are used that are most 
often found in the rations of the more successful feeders except 
that most of them, 16 out of 22, like to have ground oats in the 
mixture. The writer has already suggested that it might be better 
to use ground oats in place of a part of the wheat bran and hominy. 
Corn meal is nearly as often used as hominy. Hominy is likely to 
give better satisfaction. Dried beet pulp is used many times and 
is particularly useful when wet up in case one does not have mangels 
or beets. It can be used in place of corn silage, but the times when 
pure-bred breeders find themselves without corn silage and alfalfa 
hay when testing should be so seldom as never to require notice. 

Other Suggestions: Most breeders prefer to keep their ani- 
mals in a cool, very well ventilated stable free from drafts. The 
cows should be blanketed. Very careful handling and quiet should, 
prevail at all times. Occasionally an individual will be found who 
will respond to an extra amount of some particular feed, such as 
gluten feed, ground oats, oil meal, etc. In case this is known to the 
feeder, it goes without saying that she may receive regularly or 
from time to time, a pound or two of this particular feed, clear, on 
top of a little less amount of the regular test mixture that is being 
fed to other test cows. Attention to little details of comfort and 

Page Forty-seven 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

individuality will be repaid many times in bigger results on the 
part of the cow being fed. 



XI. Feeding Test Cows at Cornell University 

SEVEN cows bred by Cornell University have made records of 
thirty pounds or more of butter, 80 per cent fat. These ani- 
mals have been bred and developed under the direction of Professor 
H. H. Wing and are all the offspring of one cow who was herself an 
inferior individual. They show in a very clear way what can be 
done with well bred sires in the improvement of a herd. 

The care of the herd and its feeding and management have been 
under the direct supervision of George W. Tailby, Jr., who has had 
charge of the herd since 1906 under Professor Wing. The follow- 
ing table gives the cows, date of record, age, and the record itself : 

80% 

Date of Age of Milk Fat Butter 

Cow Record Cow Ilis. n>s. Hjs. 

Clista Cora, 117997 March 1913 3-11-29 447.8 24.129 30.161 

Glista Ernestine, 117999 April 1913 4- 3- 5 548.3 24.410 30.512 

Glista Omicron, 69034... April 1914 10- 1- 6 569.0 25.282 31.603 

Glista Eglantine, 118000 April 1914 5- 4-27 580.7 25.911 32.388 

Glista Coreva, 134891... March 1916 6- 1- 2 593.1 27.264 34.080 

Glista Draba, 134893 March 1916 6- 2-23 645.8 24.059 30.07i 

Glista Erica, 134897 Nov. 1915 619.1 28.230 35.288 

All of these records have been made at Cornell University except 
that of Glista Erica. Glista Erica was purchased when a heifer by 
E, A. Powell of Syracuse and developed by him. 

Glista Ernestine in December, 1915, increased her 1913 record 
to 625.7 pounds of milk, 24.940 pounds of fat, 31.175 pounds 80 per 
cent butter. She is now (November, 1916) again being tested and 
has increased her record to 33 pounds of butter. The same year 
Glista Eglantine practically duplicated her 1914 record by making 
663.0 pounds of milk, 25.888 pounds of fat, 32.360 pounds 80 per 
cent butter. These records show that some University cows have 
made 30 pound records each year since 1913. Since these cows 
have consistently made good records, it may be of some public 
interest to state how they have been fed. Therefore the feeding 
for the first four records made will be given in detail. 

GLISTA CORA. 

Prior to freshening she was dry about two months. During the 
time that she was dry she was not given any special care, being fed 
the same as the other stock when dry. No attempt was made to 
fatten her, as is usually the case when most pure-bred animals are 
dry. At the time of calving she was in fair condition, not what 
one might call fat. Starting with the second day from freshening 
she was milked three times each day and was not fed over six pounds 
of grain per day for the first four days. Beginning the fourth day 
the grain allowance was gradually increased to 12 pounds per day. 
The test was started on the 6th day. At the beginning of the 
test she was getting 12 pounds of grain, 35 pounds of beets (man- 

Page Forty-eight 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

gels) , 30 pounds silage and what alfalfa hay she would eat readily. 
Now the grain ration was gradually increased to 15 pounds per 
day. An attempt was next made to increase the grain allowance 
to 18 pounds and the beets to 45 pounds per day. But as soon as 
the 18 pound mark was approached she went off feed. She was 
■cut down to 6 pounds grain and 35 pounds beets per day. Thus 
it will be seen that she practically went back where she started. 
The grain and beets were now gradually increased until she was 
again getting 15 pounds grain and 45 pounds of beets. On the 
fifth day after the test was started she was changed from three 
milkings to four milkings per day. At the time of changing, she 
dropped off a little in milk production but the test was unusually 
high. The test of one milking was as high as 6.S% butter fat. 
When milked four times a day she was getting only 16 pounds 
grain, 50 pounds beets and the same allowance of silage and hay as 
when first started. By milking her four times a day the 
amount of milk increased about three pounds per day. The test 
was run twelve days. The best seven consecutive days were the 
first seven. This was perhaps due to the caked condition of her 
udder during the fore part of the test. However, during the last 
five days she averaged better than three pounds of fat per day, 
there being only one day that fell below the three pound mark. 

The grain mixture fed during the test consisted of 100 pounds 
•of distillers' dried grains, 50 pounds of wheat bran, 100 pounds of 
ground oats, 100 pounds of hominy, 100 pounds of oil meal, 100 
pounds of buckwheat middlings and 60 pounds of cottonseed meal. 
This is not an especially heavy ration for test cows, as probably 
many feeders would mix 100 pounds of cottonseed meal and 100 
pounds of gluten feed into this mixture. Charcoal is seldom if 
ever left out of the test ration by many of the breeders. 

The treatment that this cow received before and during the test 
was the same that is given the entire university herd with the 
exception that during the test she was watered after each milking. 
The silage was fed once a day, in the morning, and the hay was fed 
at night only. This is the custom of feeding silage and hay to 
the entire herd and as she stood in the row with the milch cows 
the system of feeding was not changed. She was turned out in 
the yard with the entire herd each day. During the fore part of 
the test she was quite uneasy because for the first few days after 
freshening the calf was permitted to remain with her. 

At the time of freshening Glista Cora was 3 years, 11 months 
and 29 days old. This placed her in the class of senior three-year- 
olds. In this class there were only nine cows that exceeded her in 
the production of butter fat for seven days. The best cow in this 
class had a record of 26.886 pounds of butter fat, which exceeded 
Cora's record by only 2.756 pounds fat, as her record was 447.8 
pounds of milk, which contained 24.13 pounds of butter fat. The 
•average test for the week was 5.388% fat. 

This record is what might be called a test of what the cow was 

-Page Forty-nine 



Feeding Dairy Cattle" 

capable of doing. No attempt was made to see how large a record 
could be made with her. 

Here is an excellent example of improvement by the use of the^ 
right kind of a sire. The foundation of the University herd was 
a cow named Glista. She was quite inferior as a producer, her 
record for the year at full age being only 225 pounds of butter fat. 
Now in the fourth generation from Glista we have Glista Cora with 
a yearly production of 388 pounds of butter fat as a two-year-old 
with the first calf and a seven day record of over 30 pounds of 
butter as a three-year-old. 

GLISTA ERNESTINE'S RECORD. 

Glista Ernestine was the second Holstein-Friesian cow owned' 
by the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University 
to make a seven-day record of over 30 pounds of butter. On 
February 7, 1913, Glista Ernestine gave birth to a fine bull calf 
which weighed 109 pounds. Her age at the time of calving was. 
4 years, 3 months and 5 days, she being only about 2 months older 
than Glista Cora, the cow that made over 30 pounds of butter a 
month previous. During the best seven consecutive days, she gave 
528.1 pounds of milk containing 24.309 pounds of butter fat. The 
average test for the week was 4.6% and the average number of 
pounds of milk was 75.4. The largest amount of milk produced in 
24 hours was 80.8 pounds. 

At the time of calving, Glista Ernestine was not in a fleshy 
condition. Her udder was quite large and considerably caked. 
The test started on the seventh day from calving. While the con- 
ditions under which this cow made her record were very much 
the same as those under which Glista Cora made 30 pounds of 
butter, however there are some differences that should be noticed, 
for the first seven days of the test, Glista Ernestine came within 
.943 pounds of fat of producing 24 pounds. At this time the test 
ration was changed so that it consisted of 100 pounds of distillers' 
dried grains, 50 pounds of wheat bran, 100 pounds of ground oats, 
100 pounds of oil meal, 100 pounds of buckwheat middlings, and 
150 pounds of cottonseed meal. This is the same as the ration fed 
Glista Cora, except that instead of 60 pounds of cottonseed meal, 
it contained 150 pounds. 

After she was getting this ration for a few days, Glista Ernes- 
tine increased from 70 pounds of milk per day to 76 pounds. As 
the per cent of fat in the milk was nearly the same as when she 
was producing 70 pounds, it is seen that the amount of fat was 
increased by an increased production of milk and not by an increase 
in the test. It appears that the second ration was considerably 
better than the first. 

The largest ration that Glista Ernestine received in a 24-hour 
period in the test was 24 pounds of grain, 45 pounds mangels, 40 
pounds of silage and all the alfalfa hay she would eat. 

Since Glista Ernestine was past 4 years of age at the time of 
calving, she is classed as a junior four-year-old. In this class she? 

Page Fifty-one 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

ranked twelfth. At no time during the test was she milked more 
than three times per day. This is, therefore, probably the best 
record ever made by a cow milked three times per day. 

GLISTA OMICRON AND GLISTA EGLANTINE. 

In the winter of 1914 two cows made records of over 30 pounds 
of butter. Glista Omicron was over ten years old and had 
been dry for ten weeks at the time of calving. Her record for seven 
days was 569.0 pounds milk and 31.063 pounds butter and for four- 
teen days 1,095.1 pounds milk and 60.397 pounds butter. When 
she freshened, Glista Eglantine, was about five and one- 
half years old, and had been dry for twelve weeks. On account of 
retained afterbirth her record was not begun until twenty-one days 
after calving. Her seven-day record was 580.7 pounds of milk, 
32.388 pounds butter. Glista Eglantine is a daughter of Glista 
Omicron. Both cows were in good condition at the time of calving, 
but were not extremely fat. 

The grain mixture used was the same as that fed during the 
winter to the college herd, viz: 300 pounds of Ajax flakes, 200 
pounds of cottonseed meal, 200 pounds of hominy, 100 pounds of 
wheat bran, 100 pounds of ground oats and 100 pounds of gluten 
feed. The cows were milked four times a day and fed at the time of 
milking. The ration was gradually increased after calving. On 
account of the laxative eff'ect of the mangels and alfalfa when fed in 
large amounts, the grain mixture after 16 pounds was reached was 
changed by adding more gluten and during the greater part of the 
test, the general plan of feeding was as follows: 4:30 A. M., 5 
pounds of grain mixture and 1 pound gluten, 10 pounds mangels and 
10 pounds corn silage ; 10 :30 A. M., grain as before, 15 pounds man- 
gels and what hay they would eat up clean — about 5 or 6 pounds; 
4:30 P. M., grain, 15 pounds mangels; 10:30 P. M., grain, 15 pounds 
mangels and hay. They were watered after feeding and at several 
other times during the day. Whenever they did not eat their grain 
with the usual relish, the amount of grain was reduced at the next 
feeding or 4 or 5 pounds of a mixture of equal parts of wheat bran, 
ground oats, hominy and oil meal was substituted. They were kept 
lightly blanketed during the most of the test and were curried and 
brushed every day. One of the cows was kept in a box stall and 
the other occupied her usual place in the herd. 

The test mixture that has given very good satisfaction in ad- 
"vanced registry feeding, at Cornell University, has been as follows : 

500 pounds distillers' dried grains 

300 pounds gluten feed 

300 pounds wheat bran 

200 pounds oil meal 

200 pounds cottonseed meal 

400 pounds hominy feed 

100 pounds wheat middlings 

Page Fifty-two 



Feeding Dairy Cattle- 



XII. The Rations Fed Some Famous Cows 

' I 'HIS series of articles has been written largely for the young 
■*■ breeder and feeder who is just starting in the business. It is 
the wish of the writer to be of service to as many as possible on the 
question of feeding, to bring to many the experience of others 
on feeding questions. This article then will give as far as we can, 
the actual feed mixtures used, the amount fed and other things of 
that nature with some of the high record cows of the Holstein- 
Friesian breed. To get the data for the article a letter was sent to 
the owners or feeders of the 10 highest seven-day record cows and 
the 10 highest semi-official record cows furnished by Superintendent 
Gardner, December 5, 1916. The answers to this letter have been 
very satisfactory, and the writer wishes to thank these men per- 
sonally who have co-operated in the preparation of this article. 

Young feeders and breeders like to know what the most suc- 
cessful feeders in the breed have used in getting the wonderful 
records that are now being made. It is a great source of satis- 
faction that the successful feeders and owners are so ready to tell 
us just the manner in which it has been accomplished. 

THE FEEDS USED. 

First of all it seems best to list all the feeds used in the feeding 
of the cows here considered with the number of times each is 
found among the rations. This will tell us the most popular feeds. 

Concentrates : 

Ground oats 6 times 

Wheat bran 6 

Wheat middlings 1 

Gluten feed 4 

Gluten meal 1 

Distillers' dried grains 6 

Cottonseed meal 3 

White Cross feed 1 

Linseed oil meal 3 

Brewers' dried grains 2 

Hominy 3 

Malt sprouts 1 

Ground barley 1 

Dried beet pulp 1 

Molasses 1 

Below are given the roughages used in the six rations con- 
sidered : 

Roughages : 

Corn silage 5 

Alfalfa hay 5 

Clover hay 1 

Roots 5 

Green crops 2 

Pasture 2 

Timothy hay 1 

It is noted that the most important concentrates used for this 
purpose are ground oats, wheat bran, distillers' grains, gluten feed, 
oil meal, hominy and cottonseed meal. Alfalfa hay, corn silage 
and beets are the most important roughages. The rations shown 



Page Fifty-three 



.Feeding Dairy Cattle 

here and given in previous articles should teach convincingly that 
it is unnecessary to go outside this list for feeds and that nothing is 
.gained by doing so. It is time that the idea that large records are 
being made with secret formulae should be driven out of the heads 
of our breeders. It is foolish to think that secret formulae and 
drugs are necessary to produce these records. Our breeders must 
get to work and learn the arts of breeding and skillful feeding and 
forget all this foolishness about drugs and secret formulae. If you 
have the cow that is capable of doing it through her inheritance and 
if you have the skill to feed her and care for her the above list of 
feeds is all that is necessary. 

HESTER AALTJE KORNDYKE, 133222. 

It is right that we should begin the discussions of feeding the 
individual cows with the ration of Hester Aaltje Korndyke, 133222, 
owned by M. J. Smiley of South Dakota, and bred by W. O. Wilcox 
of New York. Her highest seven-day record at the time this 
article was written, (January 3, 1917), was 621.1 pounds of milk 
containing 37.416 pounds of butter fat computed to equal 46.772 
pounds of 80 per cent butter. Mr. Smiley wrote the author 
willingly and very fully and definitely when asked how he managed 
and fed Hester Aaltje Korndyke. We cannot improve the letter, 
so it is given in full: 

"It is with pleasure that I am sending you the ration used in 
making the record of Hester Aaltje Korndyke, and I ask that you 
write me and let me know just what you think of the same, where 
you think it could be improved and all about it. 

"This cow ran upon a wild grass pasture all summer without 
grain until about two months before she freshened, then she was 
taken and put on tame grass and given a feed consisting of ground 
oats, bran and oil meal (linseed) which was gradually increased 
until she got about 12 pounds per day. 

"At freshening she was not fat, but in just fine milking shape 
and in the best of spirits. The calf was allowed to stay with her 
for about three days, when it was weaned and her feed gradually 
changed to the following mixture : 

Ground oats 180 pounds 

Bran 60 " 

Shorts 40 1^ 

Continental gluten 40 ^^ 

Gluten meal 40 ^^ 

Cottonseed meal 40 

White Cross feed 40 

Oil meal 20 per cent of each feed. 
"The 'White Cross feed' is a feed put out by the Albert Dicken- 
son Seed Company and is supposed to be a balanced ration. In 
ordering some other feed last winter I ordered a small amount of 
this and we used it simply to get it used up and out of the way. 

"The above grains were mixed and weighed, and as each feed 
was weighed out 20 per cent of the feed was made oil meal, which 
was kept separate until that time. 

"The greatest amount that Hester would take at any time was 

Page Fifty-four 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

24 pounds of the grain and meal mixture fed with sliced mangels, 
of which she ate large quantities, usually a bushel basket at each 
feed, or about 34 pounds. 

"This was fed every six hours before milking and at the hours 
of 4, 10, 4 and 10. Three times a day she received alfalfa hay, 
third cutting; this was fed at 7 A. M., 1 P. M. and 7 P. M., what she 
cared for. 

"No silage or other feeds were used. Salt was before her at all 
times and running water where she could reach it all the time. 

"Of the mangels she seemed to never get enough and would 
Tiunt them out from the other feed, so that it was necessary to put 
the grain on top of the mangels and in that way, in a measure, 
■compel her to eat it. 

"Hester was in a box stall and was out only once during the 
first 45 days of her test. She seemed at all times and appears now 
in the best of health, eating heartily all the time. 

"I forgot to mention that before freshening and while on the 
tame grass pasture she received alfalfa hay night and morning 
in addition to the grain spoken of. She was turned out every day 
till the day of freshening, no matter what the weather, and was 
given no feed at that time, so she could wander around in that way 
getting a lot of exercise. She was groomed twice a day at all times. 

"I think this covers the entire field as near as I can and hope it 
is the information you desire." — M. J. Smiley. 

DUCHESS SKYLARK ORMSBY, 124514. 

Next we will discuss the feeding of this great cow, whose yearly 
record at the age of five years was 27,761.7 pounds of milk, testing 
4.34 per cent, butter fat, containing 1205.09 pounds of fat, 1507.36 
pounds of 80 per cent butter. 

John B. Irwin of Minnesota sent a record of the amount of feed 
consumed by Dutchess Skylark Ormsby during her entire test. It 
is unnecessary for us to copy it all. The December feed record, 
the second month of the test, gives us a very good idea of how she 
"was fed. Her complete ration for the month was : 

124 pounds wheat bran. 
124 pounds ground oats. 

93 pounds Continental gluten (distillers' grains). 
124 pounds brewers' dried grains. 

77 pounds oil meal. 

75 pounds hominy. 
868 pounds corn silage. 
455 pounds alfalfa hay. 
930 pounds roots. 

In December she produced on the above feed, 2,834.6 pounds of 
milk, containing 126.990 pounds of butterfat, a percentage of 4.48. 

MAY ECHO SYLVIA 227325. 

H. Lynn has written a very good letter concerning the feeding 
of May Echo Sylvia 227325 of Avondale Farm, Ontario, Can., 
Arthur C. Hardy, proprietor. This Canadian cow has made a very 
creditable record of 853.7 pounds of milk containing 32.804 pounds 
of fat, a percentage of 3.84. This computes on the 80 per cent. 

Page Fifty-five 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

Taasis to 41.050 pounds of butter. Mr. Lynn writes essentially as 
follows : 

"The ration was composed of the following feeds : 

Bran 207 pounds 

Distillers' dried grains 336 

Ground oats 156 

Gluten 142 

Hominy 114 

Oil meal 40 

Salt 10 

Good silage, mangels or cattle beets, alfalfa hay. 

"She ate an average per day of 28 pounds of grain, the above 
mixture, also 120 poiinds roots, 25 to 30 pounds silage and whatever 
alfalfa hay she would clean up. There always was an abundance 
of water in her stall to drink at her own free will. She was, of 
course, fed at each milking at the hours of 5 and 11. The method 
used in feeding was as follows : At 5 a. m. she got 7 pounds of 
grain, 30 pounds of beets, mixed together, or the roots put in the 
manger first and the grain on top. While the cow was eating this 
the milking was being done. Hardly ever was there a milking that 
she did not have this all cleaned up by the time she was milked. 
Immediately after the milking she was given 10 pounds of silage. 
She was then left till about 7 :30 a. m., at which time she was fed 
whatever alfalfa hay she would clean up nicely. Following this she 
was then cleaned or brushed and taken out for a little outdoor 
exercise. 

"She would then lie down and rest feeling as fresh as a daisy. 
At 11 a. m. she was always up with her head over the stall looking 
for her next ration, which was the same as the morning feed with 
the exception of the hay. At the 5 p. m. milking she was fed ex- 
actly the same as the 5 a. m. and at 11 p. m. she got only the grain 
and roots. No doubt this cow would have eaten more had I given 
it to her, but you know so many mistakes have been made by too 
much feed that I don't care to take too many chances, especially on 
cows doing such work as we have done on so many of our good 
ones." 

This letter has been copied at length because it shows good, 
typical feeding and good management. 

QUEEN PIEBE MERCEDES 154610. 

This cow stands fourth in the list of yearly record cows with 
30,230.2 pounds of milk containing 1,111.56 pounds of fat, a per- 
centage of 3.68. This computes to 1,389.45 pounds of 80 per cent, 
butter. G. R. Melin, manager of the cattle department for E. C. 
Schroeder of Minnesota, the owner of this cow, writes as follows : 

"The grain ration was made up of the following: 

3 parts wheat bran 
2 parts ground oats 
1 part ground barley 
li parts oil meal 
Is parts Ajax Flakes 
"Of this the average consumption was about 20 pounds per day. 

Page Fifty-seven 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

In the way of roughage she received per day : 
4 lbs. dried beet pulp 
24 lbs. mangels and sugar beets 
20 lbs. ensilage 
10 lbs. alfalfa hay 

"At no time during her test was this cow pushed to the limit.. 
At the beginning, instead of trying to make a large seven-day 
record, we took her gradually and I believe that we were well re- 
warded." 

MAPLECREST PONTIAC APPLICATION 141158 — BANOSTINE BELL 

DE KOL 90441. 

These two cows are owned by the Maplecrest Stock Farm Com- 
pany, Ohio. Dan Dimmick writes as follows, concerning them : 

"It is a little hard for me to give the grain mixture fed to these 
cows, as they were fed differently along through the year, but the- 
principal grain ration was : 

Bran 200 pounds 

Ajax Flakes 200 

Ground oats 200 

Oil meal 100 

Cottonseed meal 200 

Buffalo gluten 100 

"The above ration was fed nearly altogether to Maplecrest 
Pontiac Application. There were more changes on Banostine Belle- 
De Kol, which I would not be able to give as I have no memorandum 
of them. After having the above ration, each cow had about 12' 
pounds of beets and about 3 pounds of ensilage, and then what 
alfalfa hay she could eat, four times per day." 

Maplecrest Pontiac Application's yearly record is : milk, 23,421.2' 
pounds ; fat, 1075.44 pounds ; a percentage of 4.59. This computes, 
to 1,344.30 pounds of 80 per cent, butter. Banostine Belle De Kol 
gave in one year 27,404.4 pounds of milk containing 1,058.34 pounds, 
of fat, a percentage of 3.86. This computes to 1,322.925 pounds- 
of 80 per cent, butter. 

KEYSTONE BEAUTY PLUM JOHANNA 161646. 

James E. Stevenson of the Hornless Holstein Farms of Clark's 
Summit, Pa., writes as follows concerning the feeding of Keystone 
Beauty Plum Johanna, whose yearly record is 25,787.5 pounds of 
milk, containing 1,035.77 pounds of fat, computed to 1,294.7 pounds 
of 80 per cent, butter, with a test of 4.02 per cent. : 

"The grain ration fed Keystone Beauty during her test consisted 
of 100 pounds each of the following feeds : Cottonseed meal, wheat 
bran, O. P. linseed meal, dried brewers' grain, distillers' grains, 
buffalo gluten, hominy, ground oats, and 10 pounds of salt. For- 
roughage during the winter she had timothy hay, corn silage, and 
some of the time clover hay. During the summer she was fed 
green alfalfa, peas and oats. During the summer the hominy of 
her grain ration was increased to 200 pounds. She was pastured; 
for three hours a day. 

"Probably the most valuable of any of the feeds is the driedi 
beet pulp. During the winter we fed molasses with it, mixing the 

Page Fifty-eight 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

molasses with water and soaking the beet pulp with it. To show 
you the value of the beet pulp in making this record, about a month 
before she finished we ran out of beet pulp and the boys thought 
that they would substitute fresh beets, turnips and cabbage in its 
place. They fed her all she could eat of these vegetables and roots, 
but in spite of this she fell off 10 per cent, in production. We had 
our mark set for 1300 pounds of butter and expected to make it 
with a good margin, but because of our inability to get any beet 
pulp we missed it by a small margin. She was fed four times a 
day, beet pulp each time, and ensilage and hay twice a day during 
the winter." 

NOTES. 

In going over these rations one is struck with the general sim- 
ilarity of the mixtures, and it can be said that probably a mixture 
of equal parts of the leading feeds given in the first table will be 
as efficient a mixture as any. The record comes from good feed to 
be sure, but does not come from the fact that one man combines 
feed in a very definite formula which gives him wonderfully differ- 
ent results from other feeders. 

Again it is striking that the world's seven-day record cow had 
no silage in her ration. This again confirms the opinion that the 
greatest factors are the cow and the skill of the feeder. 

We have, in this article, given the methods of men from widely 
separate parts of the country, Ontario, Minneapolis, Pennsylvania 
and Ohio. This should be a strong lesson that these records are 
not made by the use of drugs and secret formulae, but are the 
results of skillful work with wonderful cows with a relatively lim- 
ited number of feeds. Many more letters might be copied but the 
material given here covers well the methods and feeds in general 
use. 



XIII. The Ration Fed Segis Fayne Johanna 

yy FTER writing the article on the feeding of some of the leading 
"* *■ cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed, Segis Fayne Johanna 
114658 made the remarkable record of 40.544 pounds of butter fat, 
50.68 pounds of 80 per cent, butter, from 722 pounds of milk. 

Advice from Mr. Niemann, the manager of Oliver Cabana's 
Pine Grove Farm herd, gives the grain ration fed to Segis Fayne 
Johanna as follows : 

Distillers' dried grains 200 pounds 

Wheat bran 200 

Ground oats ....125 

Gluten feed 125 

Cottonseed meal 100 

Linseed oil meal 80 

Salt _ 15 

Powdered charcoal 10 

Mr. Niemann says that this cow received, during the test, 28 
pounds of this mixture in four equal feeds. In addition she was 
fed two pounds of cottonseed meal, one-half pound at each feeding. 

Page Fifty-nine 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

This makes the total concentrates 30 pounds per day. 

For roughage, Segis Fayne Johanna received 40 pounds corn 
silage, 32 pounds of wet beet pulp and molasses, 100 pounds roots 
and 12 pounds of alfalfa hay. The roughage was also fed in four 
equal feeds, except the hay, which was fed in three feeds, the mid- 
night feed of hay being omitted. 

This statement of Mr. Niemann, regarding the feeding of this 
cow, bears out the general statement made on another page in the 
other article, that one does not need to go outside of the general 
well known by-products to make up a proper test ration. That 
this is a proper test ration this 50-pound record proves beyond any 
doubt. Again this description of the ration that Segis Fayne 
Johanna received should silence the criticism made regarding such 
high records, that unusual feeds or drugs of any kind are used. 
That such is not the case we now know. 

It will be interesting to calculate this ration in detail and com- 
pare it with some of the leading standards now in use, check up the 
nutritive ratio and study its mechanical makeup a little. Below 
is given the ration in detail, computed on a one-day, 24-hour basis : 

Dig'estible Total 

Dry Digestible earbo- Digestible digestible 

Feeds naatter protein hydrates fat nutrients 

12 lbs. Alfalfa hay 10.968 1.272 4.680 .108 6.192 

40 lbs. Corn silage 10.520 .440 6.000 .280 7.080 

100 lbs. Mangels 9.400 .800 6.400 .100 7.400 

10 lbs. Beet pulp, dried.... 9.180 .460 6.520 .080 7.160 

6.75 lbs. Distillers' dr. grns 6.305 1.512 2.727 .783 6.001 

6.75 lbs. Wheat bran 6.068 .844 2.808 .203 4.111 

4.23 lbs. Ground oats 3.773 .397 2.174 .173 2.961 

4.23 lbs. Gluten feed 3.862 .914 2.195 .135 3.414 

5.36 lbs. Cottonseed meal.... 4.958 1.983 1.168 .461 4.192 

2.69 lbs. Linseed oil meal.... 2.445 .812 .877 .180 2.096 

7.3 lbs. Molasses 5.417 .073 4.249 4.322 

Totals 72.896 9.507 39.798 2.503 54.929 

There is nothing unusual about this ration except that it is one 
of the largest that has come to the attention of the writer. A con- 
sumption of 72.896 pounds of dry matter in 24 hours is an unusually 
large amount. The nutritive ratio is 1 :4.8, which is a normal 
nutritive ratio for a cow producing so much milk and fat. 

In the mechanical makeup of the ration there are some things 
to which attention may well be called. The method of feeding the 
beet pulp on Pine Grove Farm is a little different from the method 
on most farms in that molasses is added to the water used to soak 
the pulp. Mr. Niemann explained to the writer that the method 
is to put about two quarts of feeding molasses, blackstrap, in a 
fourteen quart pail and add enough, hot water to fill the pail. The 
dried beet pulp is put into a box and this molasses and water poured 
on it, allowing the beet pulp to take up all it will of the liquid. 
Segis Fayne Johanna was fed eight pounds of this mixture at each 
feed, or 32 pounds per day. The exact mixture is the following: 
50 pounds of dried beet pulp, 12 quarts of feeding molasses and 
36 quarts of hot water. In the other article on feeding, atten- 

Page Sixty-one 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

tion is called to the fact that Mr. Stevenson, in discussing the feed- 
ing of Keystone Beauty Plum Johanna, puts much stress on the 
value of beet pulp in the ration when feu with molasses on it. 

Fifteen pounds of salt in 830 pounds of concentrates is more 
than is usually put in. It may be that this large amount of salt 
makes the ration more palatable. The powdered charcoal adds no 
food value to the ration. Charcoal is said by some physicians to 
have a beneficial effect on the digestion, serving to keep the diges- 
tive tract in a more normal condition. It is probably not absorbed 
but aids in some mechanical way merely by its presence. It will 
be noted that with 200 pounds of distillers' dried grains, 200 pounds 
of wheat bran, and 125 pounds of ground oats in 830 pounds of 
concentrates, the ration is a very bulky one. This probably ac- 
counts for the good condition of the animal and her ability to con- 
sume so much feed. All feeders for high production make up their 
grain mixture of at least one-half bulky foods. 

If we check up this ration with the feeding standard now most 
commonly in use, the modified Wolff Lehman standard, given in 
the last edition of "Feeds and Feeding", by Henry & Morrison, 
we would find that the standard to maintain an average produc- 
tion of 103 pounds of milk per day, testing 5.6 per cent, butter fat, 
suggests 9,261 pounds of digestible protein and 59.14 pounds of 
total digestible nutrients. This comparison shows that this cow 
is using the feed she is getting just as average cows do. Her great 
record is due to the fact that she is able to consume and metabolize 
these extraordinary amounts of feed. It is not necessary to feed 
her quite so much total digestible nutrients as is required by the 
standard, because individually she is taking some milk and fat off 
her back. Segis Fayne Johanna weighed about 1900 pounds before 
she freshened, so she is probably willing to lose some fat. 

Pine Grove Farms is to be congratulated on this wonderful 
record, and the reason that this cow could make it is probably 
largely due to the good care, attention to ventilation, rest and quiet 
that are all so insisted upon in their test barn. 



XIV. Feeding For Long Distance Records 

FIRST, we should define the term, long distance record. The au- 
thor likes to think that the champion long distance dairy cow is 
the cow that will make a creditable seven-day record, follow it up 
with a good yearly record, and continue this sort of work for several 
years, producing a calf every year. The average productive life 
of a cow should be at least five years, with five calves. The profit 
in the pure bred business comes largely from the sale of the young 
stock, and this means numbers produced and large record. The 
cow should be tried out every year for a seven-day record in the 
hopes that she may improve her previous record. 

The fitting of a cow for a seven-day test each year gives her a 
big start on her year's record, even if she does not improve her 

Page Sixty-two 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

previous weekly record. Fifteen or twenty pounds of fat a week 
on the start of a yearly record makes a big difference in the yearly 
total. The easiest time to get this high production of fat seems 
"to be about three weeks after calving. A study of many seven-day 
records show that most of them are made at about that time, 

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES. 

It is well to review at this time just what the food is used for. 
A cow making a long distance record is going to be a hard working 
■animal all the time. After she freshens, she is under a tremendous 
load producing milk. Soon she is bred, and then to the work of 
milk production is added the labor of growing a foetus. The work 
of milk production demands a liberal supply of protein because the 
solids in milk are nearly 27 per cent, protein. This protein can 
only be derived from the feed that the cow eats. Then the growth 
of the foetus demands a liberal supply of protein. All the needs 
of the animal from a physiological point of view and from a com- 
mercial point of view also point to a liberal supply of protein in 
the feed. This means a relatively narrow ration, except when 
dry. The dry period is the time when there is the largest demand 
for protein for the foetus. From this standpoint, therefore, even 
when dry, the cow should have a liberal supply of protein. Any ex- 
cess protein can be used for energy purposes. Commercially, there 
is no longer any reason for having a scanty supply of protein in the 
feed, because high protein feeds do not cost at present, pound for 
pound, any more than the low protein feeds. During the dry period 
the cow is laying on fat. A liberal supply of protein will help in this. 
The protein does not seem to be used in the actual formation of the 
body fat, but has a guiding influence in the nutrition of the animal 
at this time, causing the animal to fatten more readily with less 
expenditure of feed. 

The carbohydrates of the feed are used for the manufacture of 
the milk sugar. The solids of the milk are about one-third sugar. 
This may be made from the carbohydrates of the feed or from the 
fat in ^\.% feed or from the protein, when there is more protein or 
fat than is needed for other purposes. Then the carbohydrates 
are used directly as a source of energy, either for direct consump- 
tion or stored as fat to be drawn upon later for energy purposes. 
Body fat in the young foetus or in the mother, is made in large part 
from the carbohydrates. In this sense the carbohydrates are as 
essential and as important as the protein, except in so far as the 
protein of the feed has special uses, and because of its nitrogen 
has a high manurial value. A pound of protein and a pound of 
carbohydrates have the same feeding value from the standpoint of 
energy. 

The fat of the feed may be used to form body fat or milk fat 
or may be burned at once to yield energy. One pound of fat in the 
feed has two and one-fourth times as much energy as a pound of 
carbohydrates or protein. Therefore, fat is said to be two and 
one-fourth times as valuable as carbohydrates or protein. The 

Page Sixty-three 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

fat has no special functions except as above outlined. A high 
amount of fat in a feed would not make a higher percentage of fat 
in the milk. 

The amount of ash or mineral in the feed of cows has probably 
not received the attention that it should. This question is being 
carefully and thoroughly studied at the present time. Results of 
these studies will have an important bearing on long distance feed- 
ing. The question seems to center around the supply of lime and 
phosphorus. A large variety in the ration and legume roughage 
will solve this question as far as it can be solved at present. 

FEEDING PRACTICE. 

Between lactations the cows on these long tests will go dry eight 
to ten weeks. A good grain mixture to be fed at this time with 
alfalfa hay and silage and perhaps a few roots, is 30 lbs. homing 
feed, 30 lbs. ground oats, 30 lbs. wheat bran and 10 lbs. of oil meal. 
Feed liberally of this mixture and get the cow to fatten somewhat. 
If she is only dry for eight or ten weeks you cannot get her too fat. 

Keep her on a rather light ration, using this same mixture for 
three or four days after calving, when she may be put on the test 
mixture and her allowance raised to the limit of her appetite. 
Whenever she shows signs of going off feed she may be fed a meal 
or two of the same mixture that has been suggested for her when 
dry. 

She must be fed alfalfa hay or clover hay if she is going through 
two or three hard lactations. She must have good corn silage. 
She must have table beets or mangels. As a suggested grain mix- 
ture to be used as a test ration, the following is used by one of the 
best feeders and breeders of Holstein-Friesian cattle : 

300 pounds distillers' dried grains 
100 pounds oil meal 
100 pounds hominy 
100 lbs. cottonseed meal 
100 pounds ground oats 
100-200 pounds wheat bran 
100-200 pounds gluten feed 

Such a mixture with alfalfa hay would give an abundance of 
protein. It may be modified in a hundred ways, but is efficient as 
it stands. 

If handled and fed as suggested, to the limit of her appetite, a 
cow should produce heavily. She must be watched carefully and 
kept hungry. Alfalfa hay, silage, mangels and grain form the 
basis of the ration at all times of the year, but advantage may be 
taken of pasture, if exposure to bad weather is not allowed and the 
cow is pastured only when flies do not plague. She must be 
pampered and protected and watched. Care will be rewarded. 
Cows that are worth while are entitled to all they will eat all the 
time. 

Page Sixty-four 



Feedincf Dairy Cattle 

XV. Summer Rations For Semi-Official Cows 

T^ HERE is not much difference between the summer rations for 
■* semi-official cows and the rations fed at other times of year. 
The principles are the same, plenty of succulent feed and a good 
.g-rain ration. The cows that have made the best semi-official records 
have not depended very much on pasture, although many of them 
have been allowed some pasture. Pasture is undoubtedly ideal so 
far as the feed is concerned. The drawbacks are many, however. 
The cow must spend much energy in getting her feed and in making 
a high semi-official record ; she has not the energy to spare for this 
•extra work. Second, if she must depend much on pasture, she is ex- 
posed to all kinds of weather. This is not good for her. She must not 
be chilled. Third, and worst of all, if she goes to pasture in the day 
time, she is open to the attack of flies. There seems to be no fly 
remedy on the market as yet that is completely a repellant. They 
will keep them off for a while but their effect will not last for the 
full day. 

Therefore it seems best to depend on soiling crops and a good 
grain ration. If the cows are turned to pasture at all they should 
be carefully sprayed and watched so that as little trouble can come 
from flies as possible. The cows should be petted and pampered 
more or less and fed all they will possibly eat all the time. Their 
individual likes and dislikes may be studied to good advantage, and 
the cows pleased in this way. The secret is in getting them to eat 
and keep in good health. They cannot make the best use of this 
food if they must use the energy for other purposes than milk pro- 
duction or are distracted by improper stabling or exposure to bad 
weather and flies. 

The author happens to have at hand the detailed feed records 
for May, June, July, and August, of two cows that have made over 
1000 pounds of butter fat in one year. The feeding of these cows 
for these summer months must have been good or they never could 
have made these high records. 

The first was fed as follows : 

May, 1914. 17.5 lbs. grain daily of the following mixture: 
3.8 lbs. bran, 2 lbs. hominy, 3 lbs. ground oats, 1 lb. each, wheat 
feed, flaxseed meal, and oil meal; 4.5 lbs. distillers' dried grains, 
1.2 lbs. gluten, 14 lbs. roots, 46 lbs. ensilage, 10 lbs. alfalfa hay, 
pasture one hour. 

June, 1914. 15.5 lbs. grain daily of the following mixture: 5 
parts bran and corn, distillers' dried grains, 1.5 part hominy, 4 parts 
ground oats, 5 parts cottonseed meal, 1 part each, Bartlett's sugar 
malt, Buffalo gluten, flaxseed meal and oil meal ; 3 lbs. beet pulp, 41 
Jbs. ensilage, 10 lbs. green alfalfa, and 11 lbs. alfalfa hay. 

July, 1914. 18 lbs. grain daily, same mixture as given in June; 
2 lbs, beet pulp, 15 lbs. each, red beets and green alfalfa; 10 lbs. 
sweet corn, 42 lbs. ensilage, 11 lbs. alfalfa hay. 

August, 1914. 15.2 lbs. grain daily, 14 lbs. of the following 

Page Sixty-five 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

mixture with 1.2 lbs. oat feed added daily: 4 lbs. bian, 2.5 lbs. 
hominy, 3.5 lbs. ground oats, 5.5 lbs. corn, distillers' dried grains, 2 
lbs. Bartlett's sugar malt, 5 lbs. Buffalo gluten, 1 lb. each, cotton- 
seed meal, and O. P. oil meal; 2 lbs. beet pulp, 20 lbs. beets, 15 lbs. 
each, sweet corn and alfalfa; 36 lbs. ensilage, 9.5 lbs. alfalfa hay. 

Another cow that made 1000 lbs. of butter fat in one year was 
fed as follows : 

May, 1913. 10 lbs. grain daily of the following mixture: 250 
lbs. bran, 50 lbs. each, hominy, cottonseed meal, and oil meal ; 100 
lbs. gluten, 3 lbs. beet pulp, 2 lbs. molasses, hay, with pasture. 

June, 1913. 19 lbs. grain daily of the following mixture: 250 
lbs. bran, 50 lbs. each, hominy, ground oats, cottonseed meal and oil 
meal ; 3 lbs. beet pulp, 2 lbs. molasses, green feed. 

July, 1913. 18 lbs. grain daily of the following mixture, on 1st 
and from 11th to 31st ; 15 lbs. daily from 2nd to 11th : 250 lbs. bran, 
50 lbs. each, hominy, cottonseed meal, ground oats, and oil meal; 
100 lbs. gluten, 3 lbs. each, molasses and beet pulp ; corn fodder 
from 1st to 15th ; clover from 17th to 31st. 

August, 1913. 18 lbs. grain daily of the following mixture : 250 
lbs. bran, 50 lbs. each, hominy, cottonseed meal, and oil meal; 100 
lbs. gluten, 3 lbs. each, beet pulp and molasses ; corn fodder, alfalfa^ 
clover, with pasture. 

The first grain mixture is a little more complicated than the 
second, due to the addition of sugar malt, not a common feed, and 
it is doubtful if it made the ration any more efficient because the 
record of the second cow is practically as great as that of the first. 

To show the kind of feeding practiced at Cornell University, the 
feeding of a young cow for the months of May, June, July, and 
August, is given. She made a yearly record of 620 lbs. of butter 
fat, was dry eight weeks and then made a seven-day record of 24 
lbs. of butter fat, which puts her in the 30-lb. class and she is now 
going well in this lactation. Her 30-day record in the present 
lactation is 2481.1 lbs. milk, 94.129 lbs. butter fat. 

Her feed record for May, June, July, and August, 1915, is as 
follows : 

May. 15 lbs. daily of the following grain mixture : 300 lbs. dis- 
tillers' dried grain, 200 lbs. hominy, 200 lbs. wheat bran, 200 lbs. 
cottonseed meal, 100 lbs. gluten feed, 50 lbs. corn silage, 11 lbs. of 
hay. The last of the month the hay was dropped and some green 
grass fed. 

June. 12 lbs. daily of the same grain mixture as in May. All 
the green feed (grass, peas and oats, etc.) she would eat. 

July. 14 lbs. daily of the same grain mixture as in May; 50 
lbs. green alfalfa until July 17th; July 18 to 24, 30 lbs. peas and 
oats silage ; July 25 to 31, 30 lbs. corn silage. 

August. 9 to 14 lbs. daily of the same grain mixture as in May ; 
30 to 35 lbs. daily of corn silage ; some pasture and hay. 

These three statements of actual rations fed show the kind of 
ration, the feds used, and illustrates again the need for succulence, 

Page Sixty-six 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

variety, plenty of bulk, and plenty of protein in the ration. 

A study of many rations fed by many different feeders will 
show that they do not depart widely from these methods, and the 
feeds listed in these rations will cover those generally used. 

The following is suggested as a grain mixture for the summer : 

500 pounds hominy 

500 pounds distillers' dried grains 

300 pounds wheat bran 

300 pounds gluten feed 

200 pounds oil meal 

200 pounds ground oats 



XVI. Feeding Fat Into Milk 

1h VER since interest in high production records was stimulated 
*— ^ by the dairy breed associations, breeders have looked for ways 
and means of raising the normal percentage of fat in a given indi- 
vidual cow's milk for seven, thirty, or longer periods of days, includ- 
ing semi-official and official yearly records. The writer has never yet 
seen but one way of doing this successfully. Many breeders have 
been sure that they had a way, but no one way has been successful 
enough to give that breeder any lead over others. And so far 
as the writer is aware no method has ever been tested out care- 
fully and scientifically except one. That one method is to fatten 
an animal before the testing period and then feed her carefully so 
that she will lose her body fat and put it into the pail. This method 
has been described in a previous paper and is really so well known 
among breeders that test that it is unnecessary to give it much more 
consideration here. 

And after all, what would the economic effect of a successful 
method to feed fat into milk in a short time test amount to? The 
partial success of feeding fat into milk by means of fattening the 
cow before testing, has already brought seven-day records into 
more or less disrepute as real evidence of production. The law 
of conservation of energy holds true no less with animals than 
with machines, and if a method of changing body substance into 
milk fat is found, the same amount of food must be used to produce 
the body substance at some time in the course of the period 
between the birth of two calves. 

No, in the opinion of the writer, breeders who seek to find a 
method to increase the percentage of fat in the milk of any indi- 
vidual for any period of time, short of the whole life of the indi- 
vidual, is not doing himself or the breed any real good. The 
breeders of the Holstein-Friesian breed had better give their atten- 
tion to the study of methods of breeding, which may on the one 
hand increase the normal fat content of the milk of the breed, if 
that is deemed desirable, and which must be done at the expense of 
a less quantity of milk, and on the other, to methods of breeding 
which will increase the capacity of the breed as a whole, to utilize 
feed above maintenance and change it into milk. Suppose a method 

Page Sixty-seven 



■ Feeding Dairy Cattle 

should be found which would cause a cow to test higher than her 
normal inherited percentage for seven or thirty days or even a 
year. What good would that do the breed? Until it was estab- 
lished beyond doubt that a certain breeder was doing something 
which was influencing the production of his individuals for short 
periods of time, of course he would make money, but it would be 
a great boon to the breed if some way could be found to enable a 
cow to turn more food into milk ; but it is the firm conviction of 
the writer that it is futile to look for methods of this kind except 
through breeding for greater capacity and production. This kind 
of work will permanently better the breed. 

To be sure of his ground, the writer has looked over 
rather carefully the literature on this subject in recent years, by 
consulting the Experiment Station record. The only positive evi- 
dence that appeared was found in Bulletin 100, by C. H. Eckles, 
of the Missouri Experiment Station. Eckles' work was wholly 
along the line of feeding the animal previous to the beginning of 
the test and getting her fat. When this was done the percentage 
of fat in the milk would be high during the first part of the lacta- 
tion period. The effect persisted to a more or less extent through 
the whole lactation period. This kind of feeding is to be advised, 
because undoubtedly the capacity of the animal to produce is in- 
creased in a perfectly legitimate and normal manner, and it is a 
case of actually turning more feed into milk. 

The experiments along the line of the specific effects of different 
feeds have been very numerous, but any positive effect of any one 
feed or combination of feeds is shown to be short and slight. It 
is probable that in many cases the effect could be shown to be 
within the limits of experimental error if a careful study were 
made. 

A number of experiments on the use of the extracts from cer- 
tain glands of the body, particularly the pituitary gland, for the 
purpose of increasing the percentage of fat in milk, and also for 
increasing the amount secreted, have given positive results for 
short periods of time, but these results usually have been followed 
by corresponding periods when the amount and quality have been 
below normal. 

Some positive results have been obtained by feeding a large 
amount of oil and fat in the ration. These experiments also have 
been attended without permanent results which would influence 
one to recommend definite procedure even for a short time test. 

In conclusion the author must confess that he sees little hope 
for any method for really increasing the fat percentage in milk, 
except through breeding and rations, feeding to produce cows 
nearer the ideal that is held for the breed in question. The true 
method to get cows with high records is to breed for size and 
capacity, and perhaps if that is the desire and ideal of the breed, 
to select for a higher percentage of fat. 

Page Sixty-eight 



Part Three^Feeding Calves 

XVIII. Raising Calves on Whole and Skimmed Milk 

' I ^HE raising of dairy young stock is a very important problem. 
■*■ for our farmers. The feeding and management of stock is 
fully as important as the breeding, although we are likely to say that 
breeding is more important. It is in this sense, the animal must 
have the quality if it is going to do the work in the world that is ex- 
pected of it. First, after being well born, comes the necessity of 
being well fed as a calf. This will be the subject of this and the next 
paper. This paper will consider the growing of young calves on 
milk. 

There are three possible ways of growing calves on milk : 

1. The use of nurse cows, good producers but of grade 
breeding. 

2. The growing of the calf on whole milk. 

3. The growing of the calf on skim milk. 

The growing of calves by means of a nurse cow does not need 
any particular explanation. A good cow costing $50 to $75 should 
be able to care easily for two calves and grow them in the very best 
possible condition. This method lends itself to practice in those 
places where there is abundant pasture on cheap land, and it goes 
without saying that this method would produce the very best calves. 
But as is shown in a table a little farther on, this is of course a 
very expensive method. 

The second method is also expensive, but is the method used 
by the breeders who are growing the best stock. This method 
means the feeding of the calf on whole milk after two or three days, 
while he is left with his mother. This method is also expensive, 
but there is a bloom and finish put on the calf that cannot be ob- 
tained in any other way. The best breeders are not content with 
feeding in any other manner. The details will not be discussed 
because all details are practically the same as when feeding skim 
milk. This method of feeding is the one on which, by far, the 
majority of breeders must depend, and it will be discussed in 
detail. It seems best to take up the discussion by weeks in order 
to be definite. 

The First Two Weeks. — After the calf is born he should be left 
with his mother for two or three days. Perhaps until the eighth 
milking. The writer has always considered the eighth milking 
"good" to save for home or market purposes. The milk of the first 
six or seven milkings is called colustrum. This is necessary to the 

Page Sixty-nine 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

health of the calf because it is laxative and has a good effect on the 
digestive system. It has always seemed to the writer that the best 
way for the calf to get the colustrum is by suckling the mother. It 
is best for the mother too. If the calf does not attempt to suckle 
the mother by the time he is three or four hours old he should be 
helped up and assisted in getting his first meal. 

He should get whole milk for at least ten days. If at all prac- 
ticable it is best to feed him for the first ten days, three times a 
day, one and one-half quarts at a meal. After the tenth day, if he 
is good and strong, he may be fed twice a day and receive two 
quarts (four pounds) at a meal. The temperature of the milk 
should always be at 90 degrees to 100 degrees F. A thermometer 
costs twenty-five cents. Always try the temperature of the milk 
with a thermometer and know that it is at the proper temperature 
when fed. The temperature is one of the most important points to 
have correct in feeding. Beginning with the eleventh to the four- 
teenth day the calf may be changed to skimmed milk. 

The Third Week. — Take a full week from whole milk to 
skimmed milk, changing at the rate of one pound per day. The 
skimmed milk must be sweet, free from foam, and at a temperature 
of 90 degrees to 100 degrees F. 

The Fourth Week and Thereafter. — The calf may now have 
more milk as his appetite and condition demand. Do not over-feed 
him. There is much more, danger from over-feeding than from 
under-feeding. Mix into each feeding of skimmed milk a tea- 
spoonful of soluble blood flour. This blood flour may be obtained 
from your feed dealer. It is simply dried ground blood and is a 
by-product from the large abattoirs. Insist that the kind you buy 
be very finely ground, because coarsely ground dried blood will 
settle out when mixed in the milk, and it should stay in suspension. 
Blood flour is expensive but the amount fed is very small and is 
worth many times its cost. Its particular usefulness is twofold, 
it is very good high protein food in itself, and secondly, it keeps the 
bowels of the calf in good condition and overcomes any tendency 
to digestion troubles. 

Roughage. — At four weeks of age the calf will begin to eat food 
other than milk. The best roughage for him is second or third 
cutting of bright, well cured alfalfa hay. On those farms where 
alfalfa hay is not available, the second cutting of clover hay is best. 
With a little care practically every farmer in the State of New 
York can put up a little cutting of clover hay for his calves. If 
neither of the above kinds of hay are available, use the best quality 
of hay that can be secured. Let the calf have all the hay he will 
eat. 

After the calf is six months old he may have a little silage. 

The Grain Mixture. — At about the time at which the young calf 
will begin to eat a wisp of hay, he will eat dry grain. The mixture 
that has given the writer much satisfaction is the following: 30 
lbs. wheat bran, 30 lbs. ground oats, 30 lbs. com meal and 10 lbs. 

Paqe Seventy 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

oil meal. The calf should be fed all he will eat of this mixture 
in a box nailed to the side of his pen. Never feed a calf dry grain 
in the pail from which he gets his milk, nor mix the grain in with 
his milk. When three or four weeks old, after he has finished 
drinking his milk, put some of the above mixture in his mouth. 
He will soon learn to like it. At the same time have some of this 
mixture in the feed box in his pen. He will soon find the box and 
eat regularly. Feed all the grain he will eat up clean after having 
his milk. Some feeders keep feed before their calves all the time. 

Care and Management Other Than Feeding. — Besides feeding 
there are some other things in the care of calves that should be 
mentioned. More than all else is cleanliness and dryness. The 
pens should be kept clean and dry. The temperature of the stable 
may be rather low and the calves will grow and thrive if kept dry 
and clean and are well fed. The pens should be cleaned often and 
kept well bedded. In warm weather particularly, the calves should 
have access to clean water. 

Many farmers turn their calves out to pasture when too young. 
In New York, a good practice is, keep in the barn during the sum- 
mer all calves born after February 1st. These young calves may be 
turned out to night pasture if one is available. They are too young 
to pick their own living without some extra food, so that it seems 
best to feed them in the barn the first summer. In the pasture 
flies plague them so that they do not grow well. 

Dehorning Calves. — In herds where it is desireous that all the 
animals shall be dehorned, the best time is to dehorn the young 
calves before they are three weeks old. This may be done by rub- 
bing the little nubs of horns with a stick of caustic potash. This 
may be purchased at any drug store. When using it, precaution 
should be taken that it does not come in contact with the hands. 
This is easily done by wrapping in paper the end of the stick that 
is held in the hand. 

Clip the hair away from the button of horn. Dip the end of 
the stick of caustic potash into water and rub the horn hard with 
it until the skin all around the button is raw and bleeds a little. 
This is necessary in order to wholly destroy the horn tissue. Be 
careful that the caustic liquid does not run down into the eyes of the 
calf. 

This seems like a cruel practice, but in reality it is a most hu- 
mane one, because it does not hurt the calf very much, and dehorn- 
ing a mature animal is very painful and more or less dangerous. 
Cattle that have been dehorned are more docile, cannot injure each 
other, or the attendant, and are probably more productive. The 
sores made by the dehorning process will quickly heal and need no 
attention. The thing of greatest importance is to do a thorough 
job, making sure that the horn button is absolutely destroyed. If 
only a part is destroyed a stubby misshaped horn will grow and a 
poorly shaped head will result. 

Much trouble is sometimes experienced from scours arising 

Page Seventy-one 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

from indigestion. This trouble is to be prevented rather thani 
cured. It may be prevented by proper feeding. The above direc- 
tions have been followed in a herd of sixty calves this winter and 
the calves have made an average gain of ten pounds and over per- 
week. Blood meal has been used religiously, and when a little- 
trouble has come the only treatment that has been necessary has 
been to cut down the food at least one half and to add a pint of 
clear lime water for a feed or two. Then bring the calf gradually 
to full feed again. 

The following table shows the comparative cost of feeding ac- 
cording to the three methods mentioned : 

Pounds aV'erage Feed cost of 100 
Food daily gain n:)S. of grain 

Skimmed milk 1.5 $2.26 

Whole milk 1.9 7.06 

Running- with dam 1.8 4.41 

This table is from the actual results in handling a total of forty- 
two calves divided about equally into three lots. The feed cost 
would vary with the locality, but shows a comparison that might 
reasonably be expected. The comparison shows that skimmed 
milk is by far the least expensive, and a daily gain of 1.5 pounds 
will give a heifer that will be so well developed that it will be very 
difficult to recognize her from her sister, raised on whole milk,, 
when both reach the age of two years. 



XVIII. Raising Calves on Substitutes for Milk 

ON many farms there is need for method of feeding calves with 
a small amount of milk. The breeder has not yet reached the 
place in his business where he can afford to feed his calves on whole 
milk, although this is by far the best method for raising the calves tO' 
get that fine finish desired by buyers of the best bred stock. Neither 
is there available a supply of skimmed milk. The small breeder- 
must send his raw milk to market and if he is to raise the herd and 
breed it up according to his own individual ideas, he must breed 
and raise his own young stock. How can he do this with a 
minimum of whole milk? 

There are two general ways open to him: (1) He can pur- 
chase and feed the commercial calf meals on the market. (2) He 
can mix up his own calf meal. Both of these ways have been tried 
out carefully on many farms and at several experiment stations, 
so that we know that good dairy heifers can be raised on substitutes 
for milk. In tests of these calf meals alongside check groups raised 
on skimmed milk at two years of age, it has been found that there 
is no difference in development. The young calves do not grow 
quite as fast at first but soon pick up after six months of age and 
at two years of age, there is no appreciable difference. In our ex- 
perience there has been no difference in productive ability that can 
in any way be attributed to the fact that the calves were raised on; 
substitutes for milk. 

Page Seventy-two^ 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

The importance of this cannot be overestimated. We must in- 
terest all our dairy farmers to raise and breed their own stock. 
Many farmers do not raise their own stock simply because they can 
not see any way to raise the calves without milk. Therefore they 
maintain their herds by purchase. It is a great gain for the in- 
dustry of dairying every time a farmer can be interested to improve 
his herd by his own breeding. 

COMMERCIAL CALF MEAL. 

Feed manufacturers in the past few years have greatly in- 
creased the number of commercial meals on the market. They are 
all much alike as to ingredients. It will not be possible to name all 
the commercial calf meals on the market or to give their ingredi- 
ents. Each farmer in selecting his calf meal must judge of its 
merits. Since we cannot name them all and give results for each, 
it is only fair that we do not name any. It is suggested that those 
meals will probably give the best results which are made up from 
the ingredients that we know to be suitable for feeding young 
animals. It is required by law that all the ingredients be named. 
If there seems to be any ingredients in the mixture that might not 
be suitable do not feed that meal but buy another which has suita- 
ble ingredients. 

Feed the commercial calf meal that you select according to the 
methods suggested by the manufacturer. In trials conducted by 
the author, covering a period of eight years, with several com- 
mercial feeds, the methods recommended by the manufacturers have 
been followed generally with good results. We have had no trouble 
in getting calves to gain at least one pound per day with com- 
mercial calf meals, and gains of 1.5 pounds per day have been 
common. No one should be satisfied with a gain of less than one 
pound per day. All the precautions and methods of supplementary 
feeding, to be used with skimmed milk, must be scrupulously car- 
ried out with commercial calf meals, because these meals are a 
much more artificial way of feeding than skimmed milk and more 
likely to cause trouble. Extra care must be taken not to over-feed. 

The one thing that the author would emphasize with the com- 
merical calf meals, is the fact that they are too high in price. They 
cost from $60 to $70 or more per ton retail, whereas a good home 
mixed calf meal has given better results than the average com- 
mercial meal at a cost of $40 to $50 per ton. 

A HOME MIXED CALF MEAL. 

The Purdue University Experiment Station has used exten- 
sively a home mixed calf meal, simple in its make-up and within 
the reach of all. Any feed dealer can procure the ingredients, if 
you insist that he get them for you. You should be able to mix it 
at present prices of feeds, for $50 or less per ton, with the ingredi- 
ents purchased at retail. The mixture is equal parts, by weight, of 
linseed oil meal, hominy feed, red dog flour, and soluble blood flour. 
The table below suggests the method of using the home mixed calf 
meal. 

Page Seventy-three 




z- 
o 

(0 
Hi 

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-J. 

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o 

z 

o 
> 

o 

Q. 

D 

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GC 
O 

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Feeding Dairy Cattle 

Table showing the daily amount of milk, calf meal and water 
required by calves of various birth weights and various ages : 





Dailv ration 


Daih' ration 


D; 


ily ration 


Daily ration 


Dailv ration 


Birth 


at 5 days 


at 7 days 


a 


; 20 days 


at 30 davs 


at 40 davs 


weight 

of 
calves 


of age 


of age 




of age 


of age 


of age 


Milk 


Milk Meal 


Milk MealWater 


Milk MealWater 


Meal Water 


Hjs. 


lbs. 


Hjs. oz. 


Hjs 


oz. lbs. 


lbs. oz. lbs. 


oz. lbs. 


40 


5 


6 2 


4.5 


8 2 


1 13 5 


14 6 


50 


5 


6 2 


4.5 


8 2 


1 13 


14 6 


60 


6 


7 2 


5.0 


9 2.5 


1 14 6 


15 7 


70 


6 


7 3 


5.0 


9 2.5 


1 14 G 


15 7 


SO 


7 


8 3 


5.5 


10 3 


1 15 7 


16 8 


90 


7 


8 3 


5.5 


10 3 


1 15 7 


16 8 


100 


8 
Calf to be 
taken from 
cow and fed 
from bucket 
at this age. 


9 4 
Begin adding 
water to the 
meal after ten 
days of age. 


6.0 


11 3.5 


1 16 S 


17 8 
If calf is doing 
well, discontinue 
milk feeding 
after this age. 



This table is taken from Purdue University, Department of 
Agricultural Extension bulletin No. 44, published in January, 1916. 

This table may be followed in detail or a simple rule used by the 
writer, which checks almost exactly with the table, is to mix one 
pound of dry meal with eight pounds of water at 100 degrees 
Fahrenheit and use this gruel just as one would skim milk, taking 
five weeks for the complete change from milk to gruel. 

The one thing to be careful about in using this method of rais- 
ing calves is not to over-feed. Several lots of good looking calves 
have been raised by the author and no trouble has been experienced 
in getting the calves to grow at least one pound per day per head. 
Much better gains may be made with Holstein calves when the 
feeder uses care enough and makes pets of his charges. 



XIX. 



Feeding and Management of Yearlings and 
Two- Year-Olds 



■h'ROM the standpoint of the best development of the heifer at 
* the least cost, fall-dropped calves are preferred. But this is 
not possible for all calves since it is necessary and wise to control 
the breeding of the herd so that the milk flow is maintained at 
about the same rate for the herd through the year. When a 
farmer can turn out about so much milk per day through the whole 
year, he can command a better market because of the uniformity 
of the amount of his product. 

It is not wise to pasture during their first summer, calves 
dropped after January or February first. Flies bother the young 
calves too much. Calves that are born before January first seem 
to stand their first summer on pasture all right and make good 
gains. Therefore, the cost of raising a heifer dropped during the 
fall is likely to be less than that of one dropped later because of 
the greater utilization of pasture. Pasture is very cheap feed any 
way it is computed unless one has to give a greater valuation than 
$50 per acre to the land. 



Page Seventy-five 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

If skimmed milk is available it may be used to good advantage 
until calves are a year or more old, although it is not at all neces- 
sary after eight months. It will probably give greater returns, 
fed to younger animals, than to those over eight months. When 
calves or other young stock are on pasture there is no greater pleas- 
ure to them than a cool, dark basement, into which they may run 
during the heat of the day and get rid of the flies. If the basement 
is made rather dark the flies will leave them. 

If any of the herd of calves seem a little unthrifty it is a very 
^ood thing to arrange matters so that these can have a little grain 
to supplement the pasture. Of course there are any number of 
feeds available for this purpose. A mixture that is a favority one 
with the author for all young stock is the one already mentioned in 
feeding calves, 30 pounds hominy, or corn meal; 30 pounds of 
ground oats ; 30 pounds of wheat bran, and 10 pounds of oil meal. 
If pasture is good perhaps no grain will be needed during the best 
months. The amount of grain necessary for heifers is about four 
pounds per day up to the time of calving, of such a mixture as the 
above. All the good clover hay and silage that she will eat, and 
four to six pounds of grain, will keep the heifer in good growing 
condition and put her in the right shape for dropping her first calf. 
There are many other feeds and mixtures as good as the one given 
above. Space will not be taken to give other mixtures. Distillers' 
dried grains, gluten, cottonseed meal after one year of age, brew- 
ers' dried grains, malt sprouts, barley, buckwheat middlings, etc. ; 
all make excellent ingredients and may be used for rations for 
growing stock. Some high protein feed should always be included 
in the mixture to enable the animal to make satisfactory growth. 
Experience and observation prove that the animal which grows the 
most regularly and rapidly during the first two years of her life 
will make the most satisfactory producer. 

Many times it is said that feeding fattening foods is to be 
avoided, and much fat on a heifer is considered wrong by many. 
It is the writer's impression that there is little danger from getting 
a heifer too fat. Keep her growing and in good condition all the 
time. In this paper the amount of grain has been placed at four 
to six pounds. It seems to the writer that this is a good plan in 
feeding, to allow them to fix the total amount of the ration by feed- 
ing all the silage and hay that they will eat. 

The time at which heifers should be bred is an important point 
to be considered in the management of heifers. There is a tendency 
among pure bred breeders to breed at 20 months of age or even 
later. A few figures from a good pure bred herd on this point 
gives a good reason for early breeding. 

Thirty-three animals produced their first calf before they were 
30 months old. Their two-year record was 6026 pounds. Their 
three-year record was 6780. Eighteen animals that produced their 
first calf at 36 months or a little later made an average of 7460 
pounds of milk in their third year. The first lot has produced at 

Page Seventy-six 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

the end of their year almost 13,000 pounds of milk against 7500 for 
the second lot. In later years the second lot did not appear to do 
any better than the first lot. Until she becomes a milk producer 
the heifer yields no income. There are four good reasons for 
breeding early in addition to the above: (1) Constantly recur- 
ring periods of heat are as much a check on the heifer's growth as 
the development of the foetus. (2) Reproductive organs may be- 
come deranged if breeding is put off. (3) The condition of 
pregnancy has a marked stimulative effect upon the young animal 
during the first months. The assimulative functions are increased 
provided the heifer is furnished with an abundance of food. (4) 
It seems to be easier to develop a milk-secreting capacity when the 
heifer produces young at an early age. If put off sometimes the 
heifer shows a tendency towards beefiness. On the whole it seems 
best to have the heifer drop her first calf at 24 months. In con- 
clusion, this paper is a plea for liberal feeding of heifers and early 
breeding. 



Page Seventy-s^ven 




PAUL CALAMO KORNDYKE 
One of the most noted show ring winners of recent years 




OAK DE KOLOLLIE HOMESTEAD 
First prize winner at the 1916 National Dairy Show 



Part Four-^Miscellaneous Articles on 

Feeding 

XX. Feeding Dry Stock 

j\^ LL authorities on dairying agree that cows should have a rest 
^ •■ between lactation periods. Opinions differ as to what the 
length of that period should be. Pure bred breeders who do much 
advanced registry testing are often accused of milking their large 
seven-day record cows only six months in the year. This criticism 
is for the most part unfounded. A cow needs to make a big yearly 
record. From reliable sources of information it seems that two 
months is about the correct length of time for a cow to rest. From 
data on 496 cows in a cow testing association, those cows dry for 
two months produced more butter fat and made a larger net profit 
per year than those which were allowed to rest only one month. 

Eckles, of Missouri, regards a period of six weeks long enough 
unless the cow is thin in flesh. So far as there is available data it 
seems to make no difference in average annual returns per cow, 
whether the lactation period is nine, ten or twelve months long, so 
long as there is a rest period of six to eight weeks between lacta- 
tion periods. It is usually best, however, to plan the breeding of 
the herd so that each cow will produce a calf once a year.. Whether 
all the cows will be bred to come in in the fall or spring must depend 
on the market for milk and the market for stock. A little atten- 
tion to time of breeding will enable a breeder to keep the amount 
of milk produced daily uniform for the year. His particular 
market may be better for his surplus stock at one time of year than 
at another. For the greatest success all these points must be con- 
sidered in fixing the time for breeding each cow. 

There are some cows that it is difficult to dry off. All cows 
should be dried off gradually. If the cow is giving a lot of milk 
when it comes time to begin the rest period, her concentrate allow- 
ance should be withheld, and if necessary, her roughage limited to 
timothy hay, although it is seldom necessary to go to this extreme. 
Milk her once a day for several days, then but once in two days and 
so on, gradually lengthening the period between milkings. When 
she produces ten pounds per day or less milking may be entirely 
discontinued with safety, although the cow must be carefully 
watched to see that the milk becomes re-absorbed. 

After the cow is dry she should be fed liberally on roughage. 
Alfalfa hay and corn silage are good at this time. Scientists, nota- 
bly Forbes of Ohio, are beginning to study carefully the amount of 

Page Seventy-nine 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

the different minerals removed in the milk. The amount of lime 
is particularly large and the ration fed during the lactation period 
does not seem to supply enough lime in such a form that it can be 
easily assimilated. Therefore more lime is removed in the milk 
than is assimilated from the feed during a given lactation period. 
This lime can only come from the skeleton of the animal. She 
must restore this amount while dry. This, then, is one very im- 
portant reason for feeding leguminous roughage. Legumes fur- 
nish a large amount of lime in a form more easily assimilated. 

Succulent feed is important at this time, as at all times, in 
feeding dairy cattle. It is healthful, cooling, and keeps the animal 
in the very best condition. 

The grain ration may be made up from various feeds. Variety 
is not so important nor is bulk at this time. The mixture may be 
made from any feeds fattening in nature, for the aim now is good 
health and vigor and some added fat. The author has used the 
following mixture of concentrates most successfully in feeding dry 
cows : 

600 pounds hominy feed 
600 pounds ground oats 
600 pounds wheat bran 
200 pounds linseed oil meal 

This mixture will put the cows in first class physical condition 
and will insure proper growth of the foetus. Another mixture 
used for two-year-old heifers soon due to freshen for the first time, 
and to dry mature cows was: 

500 pounds gluten feed 

500 pounds ground oats 

500 pounds hominy feed 

400 pounds wheat bran 

100 pounds oil meal 
Oil meal, though usually relatively expensive, is particularly 
valuable at this time to put the cows in good condition. The exact 
makeup of the mixture will depend, as so often said in this series 
of articles, on the feeds available at home and the relative cost of 
total digestible nutrients in those concentrates that must be pur- 
chased. The principles on which the above mixtures rest are rela- 
tive cost of digestible nutrients, a good amount of high protein 
feeds and the rest fattening feeds with a little oil meal as a con- 
ditioner. 

It is a common statement among the most progressive dairymen 
that the grain fed at this time brings in the greatest returns of 
any, in that it means a larger, stronger calf, a cow in stronger, 
better condition to stand the strain of parturition and a good send- 
off into a new lactation and a good high production. The fat on 
her back while dry, by a cow of good dairy temperament, will all 
eventually return to the milk pail, ^ in that she will lose in weight 
during a period of four or five we'eks after calving and her milk 
will be richer in fat during this period than it otherwise would. 
Both of these facts are borne out by the results of careful experi- 
ments at the Missouri Experiment Station. 

Page Eighty 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

The amount of concentrates to be fed daily will depend on the 
roughage. With a liberal supply of the best roughage, when grain 
is not exceedingly high, four pounds a day should be fed. With 
valuable cows, when records are in view, ten to twelve pounds 
would not be excessive. 

In conclusion, it may be interesting to note some of the rations 
fed to dry cows in a country where the cows are just "roughed" 
through the winter. Monrad says that in Norway cows are often 
wintered on small farms on straw, birch leaves, reindeer moss 
and horse dung, cooked and given as a mash with straw and leaves. 
Herring, fish offal and seaweed have been used in the same way. 
The annual yield of milk under such conditions was 1600 to 1800 
pounds. The cow has always responded wonderfully to every im- 
provement in the method of caring for and feeding her since these 
primitive dairy methods were in operation. 

PERTINENT INFORMATION. 

Criticism of pure bred breeders, tending to show that they milk 
large record cows but six months in a year, is unfounded. 

Two months is about the correct length of time that cows should 
rest between lactation periods. 

The time when cows should freshen is dependent upon the 
market for milk and the market for stock. 

A little attention in time of breeding will enable a breeder to 
keep the amount of milk produced daily uniform through the year. 

All cows should be dried off gradually. 

Leguminous roughage should have a large place in the ration 
of dry cows. It furnishes lime in a form easily assimilated. 

Expenditures for grain to be fed to dry cows bring in the great- 
est return. They mean a larger, stronger calf, a cow better abl^ 
to stand the strain of parturition and a good send-off in a new lac- 
tation period of high production. 

A cow always responds wonderfully to every improvement in 
methods of caring for and feeding her. 



XXI. Feeding and Care of the Dairy Bull 

IV/f UCH is written and said about the feeding and the care for 
*-^J^ the dairy cow. Some times a short paragraph or two is 
written about the method of leading or exercising the bull, but very 
few men have a true appreciation of the importance of the bull in 
the herd, and he does not come in for his share of the study of 
feeding, exercise and care. In feeding the dairy cow the results 
are at once apparent. In feeding and caring for the bull the re- 
sults are not at once apparent, and often times the bull is dead 
before his real value is known. The writer has in mind the care 
of a very prepotent bull, that was the sire of several thirty-pound 
daughters, but his value was not recognized and he was not kept. 
He was sacrificed early, not because he was poorly fed or cared for, 
perhaps, but this may have had something to do with it. If he had 

Page Eighty-one 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

been properly cared for and kept in the best condition it perhaps 
would not have been so easy for the owner to sacrifice him, and he 
would have been kept longer and his value, through his daughters, 
recognized before it was too late. 

In breeding and managing pure breds we cannot put too much 
attention on the bull. He is so important. At present, in raising 
pure bred cattle, we are taught that nearly all is in the breeding, 
and that the good or ill that there is in the offspring is purely the 
result of heredity and that nothing can be acquired during the life 
of the individual that can be transmitted. Undoubtedly this is all 
true, except perhaps in one particular, that is, in size and capacity. 
Feeding and care and management do have an effect on size 
and on constitution, and in the opinion of the writer, there is some 
transmission of these characteristics to the offspring. Good en- 
vironment and liberal feeding will aid judicious selection very ma- 
terially in increasing the size and capacity of the individuals in 
any given family. 

If this is true, then how great is the importance of properly 
growing the males that are to be used for service, and how great 
is the importance of properly feeding, exercising them and caring 
for them during their use in the herd. The individual female in a 
given herd of twenty animals influences the outcome of only 
one mating in any single year. The individual bull puts his in- 
fluence into twenty matings every year and stamps his individual- 
ity on twenty offsprings, where an individual cow affects only one 
offspring. The care, feeding and management in this herd, then, 
of the bull is as important from a breeding standpoint as the care 
and management of all the cows put together and twenty times as 
important as the care and management of any single female of 
the herd. We do not wish to exaggerate this point and we do not 
think we have. We are only trying to emphasize and drive it home. 
The income from the breeding of the herd is always 
more important than the income from milk, and in many of our 
best and largest herds the milk is practically a by-product. 

THE YOUNG BULL. 

For the first six months of his life the young bull will be treated 
as his sisters are treated. Skimmed milk, or whole milk in some 
cases, with good hay, a little silage and all the grain he will eat, 
and an opportunity to grow and exercise some, is all that he will 
require. Calves born before January first may be pastured the 
first summer if grained a little to secure maximum growth. If 
born after January first, it is better to keep them up, at least during 
the day, to be rid of the fly nuisance. A good grain mixture is 
three parts of an equal mixture of weight of hominy feed, wheat 
bran, ground oats, with one part of oil meal. Good legume hay, 
silage and four to six pounds of the above grain mixture should be 
very liberal feeding for the second six months. Perhaps the above 
suggestions are too liberal. Maximum growth is what is wanted 
and if that can be attained with less feed, that is all that is nec- 
essary. 

Page Eighty-twO' 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

The bull at twelve months is not to be considered mature by any 
means, but he should be ringed and taught that the one who con- 
trols him is master. If he has not been taught before, he should be 
taught to lead and be handled every day. If this is done and he 
knows who is master, a bull will rarely become ugly or hard to 
manage. At ten to twelve months he can be used for light service. 

From now on exercise is the all important thing. Unless there 
is a particular reason for it, all animals, males and females, should 
be dehorned as calves. The sooner this becomes the fashion and 
it becomes the recognized thing, a great thing for the comfort of 
our animals and their caretakers will have been accomplished. 
When this has been done bulls may be turned together and they 
will get a great deal of exercise pushing and ramming each other 
around and will be much quieter and easier to handle. 

Exposure to the weather will do no harm and is a positive factor 
for good if the exposure is not undue. Practically all that is 
needed, except in very severe climates, is a shed closed on three 
sides and open on the warm side to the paddock, where the bulls 
may run. 

In herds where only one bull is kept, additional means must be 
provided to secure more exercise than the bull will take of his own 
accord. Then in herds where sales are going on all the time, and 
it is necessary to keep the herd bull in more or less of a show con- 
dition, he must be regularly exercised in a more artificial manner. 
A tread power will do this or he may simply be led or driven. 
The important thing is exercise and plenty of it. One of the most 
valuable bulls of the Holstein-Friesian breed is given two miles 
every day on the road. The owner considers that the time thus 
spent is more valuable than the same time spent in any other way. 

The feed that the bull is given must be commensurate with the 
service and his condition. He should not be too fat, but must be 
in good rig. Clover or alfalfa hay, ten to fifteen pounds of silage, 
and two to ten pounds of grain is indicated. The silage should be 
restricted or he may become too paunchy to reach the cows. The 
grain mixture may be the one given above or a similar one, or may 
be the regular grain mixture given the herd. It should not be 
fattening, but should be rather bulky with plenty of protein, with 
at least a pound a day of oil meal. 

In conclusion, we again call attention to the great value of the 
bull, value lost sight of because it is not so apparent each day as 
is the daily milk yield of the cows, but there, nevertheless ; and to 
the great necessity of exercise for the aged herd bull every day, 
and then more exercise. 



XXII. Forage Crops to Supplement Pasture 

IT is a well known fact among dairymen that cows that once go 
down in milk do not readily come back again. Therefore it is 
very important that the milk flow be maintained on pasture. An 
expenditure for concentrates and forage crops at this time to main- 

Page Eighty-three 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

tain as nearly as may be the milk flow that is obtained on the flush 
of pasture, is probably the best investment for feed that the dairy- 
man can make during the entire year. It does not seem to be 
enough, however, to feed concentrates entirely as a supplement, nor 
is it economical to do so. It seems to be as necessary to provide 
succulent feed, concentrates and perhaps some dry roughage, at 
this time when the cows are on pasture, as it is in winter when the 
cows are in the barn. We will take up the question of roughage 
first. 

The writer is of the opinion that it is good practice to feed some 
hay in summer when the pastures begin to go dry. Some dairy- 
men think it best to feed a little hay even at the flush of pasture. 
The writer is of this opinion but does not urge the practice, but 
would merely call it to the attention of dairymen as a subject for 
thought and perhaps trial. 

We are convinced, however, that the cheapest and most con- 
venient way to supplement pasture is to feed silage. Here are 
some of the reasons : First, it has been conclusively demonstrated 
in several trials that the cows will produce as much, seem as com- 
fortable and keep up their appetites just as well when fed silage 
and grain and perhaps a little hay when on pasture, as when fed 
green crops, gra^'n and hay when on pasture. Second, from any 
experiments that the writer has seen, the cost has always been in 
favor of the silage. 

There is every reason to believe the two main facts just cited. 
In addition: (1) It is difficult to get proper succession of crops 
so that each is in its choicest condition when fed. Some crops will 
have to be fed when a little too green, others will have to be held 
too long. (2) It is necessary to plant small areas at different 
times, which is a nuisance in busy seasons. (3) When pastures 
suffer from drought the worst, and green crops are most needed, 
the green crops are also the poorest and lowest yield. With silage, 
an abundance of succulent feed is carried from year to year, and 
the effect of drought easily and most economically offset. 
(4) Green crops must be harvested in small quantities in all kinds 
of weather. It is practically necessary to harvest some every day 
because it is impossible to pile them even in small piles without some 
loss in palatibility. 

When silage is grown large fields are fitted most economically. 
The best use of labor and machinery is made in planting, cultivat 
ing, and harvesting the crop. Silage is of uniformly high quality 
at all times. Greater yields per acre are obtained with silage than 
with many crops used in a green crop system. 

The only reason the author can find in favor of the growing of 
green crops, to supplement silage, is the value of variety in the ra- 
tion, and the fact that it may not be best to feed a cow continu- 
ously on silage the year round. She will get some rest, however, 
in a system with silage as the only supplement, because in nearly 
every locality there is a flush season of pasture when probably 

Page Eighty-four 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

neither a succulent supplement nor a grain supplement will be 
needed. 

The method of supplementing pasture with silage alone, grades 
into a second plan which involves the intermittent use of the silo. 
Advantage is taken of alfalfa and clover and a crop or two of peas 
and oats, when these crops are in prime condition, and silage is 
used in between. There will be some loss of silage in intermittent 
use, but the amount is small when the silage is near the bottom of 
the silo, because it is so tightly packed and fermentation has stop- 
ped. Care should be taken to keep the surface of the silo level, and 
to leave it as smooth and as little disturbed as possible when pitch- 
ing off the last lot, when planning to use a green crop for a time. 
This plan has been used at Cornell University with success and with 
little loss. Which ever plan is used, the greatest success will be 
obtained if two silos are available, one with a larger diameter for 
winter feeding and one with a less diameter for summer feeding. 
The smaller the diameter the less surface will be exposed at any 
time and consequently the less chance of loss. 

The third method of supplementing pasture will involve the use 
of green crops alone, and means a succession throughout the sum- 
mer from about July 1st to November 1st. Such a succession may 
be obtained with the use of the following crops. The table is com- 
puted on the basis of the needs of 50 cows. The table is adapted 
from a table given in "Feeds and Feeding", by Henry and Morrison, 
and is quoted from Professor Voorhees of New Jersey. This plan 
then would be applicable to the latitude of southern New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc. 

Date of 

_, Crop Acres seeding Period of cutting 

Peas and oats 2 April 2 June 26-July 4 

Peas and oats. 2 April 11 July 5-July 10 

Peas and oats 5 April 19 July 11-July 22 

Southern white corn 2 May 2 July 23-Aug. 3 

Barnyard millet 2 June 19 Aug. 4-Aug. 19 

Soy beans 1 June 1 Aug. 20-Aug. 25 

Cow peas 1 June 10 Aug. 26-Sept.l 

Second cutting clover or 3rd cutting alfalfa Sept. 2-Sept. 16 

Pearl millet 2 July 1 Sept. 17-Oct. 1 

Cowpeas 1 July 24 Oct. 1-Oct. 5 

Mixed grasses Oct. 5-Nov. 1 

It is not claimed that the above outline is the best that may be 
suggested. It is merely a suggestion to indicate the crops that may 
be used for the purpose discussed in this paper, with the probable 
acreage needed for fifty cows, the time of seeding, and the approxi- 
mate time when the crop would be in prime condition to be fed 
green. Each individual dairyman must work out his own system. 
All dairyman must feed some supplementary feeds and can best 
plan his work through the use of silage. 

The mixture of concentrates to be fed on pasture does not pre- 
sent a very serious question. Enough must be fed with the green 
crops or silage to maintain the milk flow. Do not let the cows 
shrink. A somewhat heavier mixture may be fed than in winter 

Page Eighty-five 



Feeding Dairy Cattle 

if the market considerations should demand such. The con- 
centrates should be chosen as indicated in the earlier articles in 
this series. High protein feeds should constitute one-half the mix- 
ture of concentrates and bulky foods perhaps about one-third the 
mixture by weight. If the market would indicate such a choice, 
the following would serve the purpose to good advantage : 

500 pounds corn meal 

400 pounds distillers' dried g'rains 

500 pounds mixed feed 

400 pounds gluten feed 

200 pounds cottonseed meal 




PIETERTJE HENGERVELD SIR KORNDYKE 
Third prize winner at the National Dairy Show, 1916 




For Men Who Lead 

THE World is for leaders. It is for the 
men who want the best — in cattle — 
in information regarding them — in news- 
paper service, including news, editorials 
and pictures. 

It is a weekly newspaper printed for the 
breed. Its motto is, "Worthy of the Breed," 
and the hoisting of this flag means that the 
World must live up to a high standard to 
be worthy of the noble Holstein-Friesian 
cow and an adviser to the men whose for- 
tunes are associated with her success. 

The World reaches more real live red- 
blooded Holstein men to-day than any other 
paper of its class. It goes to them in a way 
that they like to have their trade paper ap- 
pear, cleanly printed, beautifully illustrated 
and carefully edited. Its a pleasure for 
them to pick it up and to read it. 

Your message carried to this class of buy- 
ers through the medium of the Holstein- 
Friesian World is thus guaranteed a hear- 
ing. These men who buy and sell Holsteins 
will listen to you if you talk to them through 
the World. If you are not advertising in 
the World you are not doing yourself or 
your herd full justice. 

Let us tell you more about our advertising 
rates, space, etc., and let us help you plan 
a campaign of advertising. Address either 
office. 

HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN WORLD 

Syracuse, N. Y. Waterloo, Iowa 






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